@article { author = {Zarifmahmoudi, Leili and Kianifar, Hamid Reza and Sadeghi, Ramin}, title = {Citation Analysis of Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences in ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1027-1030}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1864}, abstract = {    Objective(s): Citation tracking is an important method to analyze the scientific impact of journal articles and can be done through Scopus (SC), Google Scholar (GS), or ISI web of knowledge (WOS). In the current study, we analyzed the citations to 2011-2012 articles of Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences (IJBMS) in these three resources.   Material and Methods: The relevant data from SC, GS, and WOS official websites. Total number of citations, their overlap and unique citations of these three recourses were evaluated. Results: WOS and SC covered 100% and GS covered 97% of the IJBMS items. Totally, 37 articles were cited at least once in one of the studied resources. Total number of citations were 20, 30, and 59 in WOS, SC, and GS respectively. Forty citations of GS, 6 citation of SC, and 2 citations of WOS were unique. Conclusion: Every scientific resource has its own inaccuracies in providing citation analysis information. Citation analysis studies are better to be done each year to correct any inaccuracy as soon as possible. IJBMS has gained considerable scientific attention from wide range of high impact journals and through citation tracking method; this visibility can be traced more thoroughly. }, keywords = {Citation tracking Google Scholar Impact factor Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences Scopus Web of Science}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1864.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1864_055a55e6a3db8d2bc613a4f3cf119a7f.pdf} } @article { author = {Mikaili, Peyman and Maadirad, Surush and Moloudizargari, Milad and Aghajanshakeri, Shahin and Sarahroodi, Shadi}, title = {Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1031-1048}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1865}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Garlic (Allium sativum L. family Liliaceae) is well known in Iran and its leaves, flowers, and cloves have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. Research in recent decades has shown widespread pharmacological effects of A. sativum and its organosulfur compounds especially Allicin. Studies carried out on the chemical composition of the plant show that the most important constituents of this plant are organosulfur compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulphide, S-allylcysteine, and diallyl trisulfide. Allicin represents one of the most studied among these naturally occurring compounds. In addition to A. sativum, these compounds are also present in A. hirtifolium (shallot) and have been used to treat various diseases. This article reviews the pharmacological effects and traditional uses of A. sativum, A. hirtifolium, and their active constituents to show whether or not they can be further used as potential natural sources for the development of novel drugs.   Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the authors went through a vast number of sources and articles and all needed data was gathered. The findings were reviewed and classified on the basis of relevance to the topic and a summary of all effects were reported as tables. Conclusion: Garlic and shallots are safe and rich sources of biologically active compounds with low toxicity. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety and quality of the plants to be used by clinicians as therapeutic agents. }, keywords = {Allium hirtifolium Allium sativum Garlic Pharmacological effects Shallot Traditional uses}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1865.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1865_fe25f3ab8c676d52c093281955ea7a5e.pdf} } @article { author = {Aliabadi, Alireza and Foroumadi, Alireza and Mohammadi-Farani, Ahmad and Garmsiri Mahvar, Mahdi}, title = {Synthesis and Evaluation of Anti-acetylcholinesterase Activity of 2-(2-(4-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)piperazin-1-yl) ethyl)Isoindoline-1,3-dione Derivatives with Potential Anti-Alzheimer Effects}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1049-1054}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1866}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in elderly patients. Decrease in cholinergic neurotransmission is the main known cause in the pathophysiology of the disease. Improvement and potentiation of the cholinergic system could be beneficial for treatment of the AD. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil can enhance the duration of action of acetylcholine (Ach) and therefore, through this mechanism improve the symptoms of AD. Materials and Methods: In the current study, based on the potential inhibitory activity of phthalimide derivatives towards acetylcholinesterase enzyme, a new series of phthalimide-based compounds were synthesized (4a-4e) and anti-acetylcholinesterase effect was assessed using Ellman's test. Compound 4b with 4-Fluorophenyl moiety was the most potent derivative in this series (IC50 = 16.42 ± 1.07 μM). It was shown that, none of the synthesized compounds showed superior inhibitory potency compared to donepezil (0.41 ± 0.09 μM) as a reference drug.   Conclusion: The new synthesized phthalimide based analogs could function as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Further studies are necessary for development of potent analogs. }, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase Alzheimer Phthalimide Synthesis}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1866.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1866_c35e303ca75b2ff194e595de6dd9cad3.pdf} } @article { author = {Ebadi Manas, Ghodrat and Hasanzadeh, Shapour and Parivar, Kazem}, title = {The Effects of Pyridaben Pesticide on the Histomorphometric, Hormonal Alternations and Reproductive Functions of BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1055-1064}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1867}, abstract = {  Objective(s): The adverse effects of pyridaben on reproductive system in male animals are not well established. This study was designed to elucidate how pyridaben can effects the histomorphometric, hormonal alternations and reproductive functions of BALB/c mice .   Materials and Methods : For this study, 80 adult and apparently healthy male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups Viz, control, test group 1 and test group 2. Test groups 1 and 2 were received the toxin at doses of 53 mg/kg. BW, and 212 mg/kg. BW, respectively. The experiment period for both groups was 10, 25 and 45 days. Results : The levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were significantly (P<0.05) decreased on the dose and time dependant means. The levels of the ROS and NOS were significantly (P<0.05) increased in all test groups. The percent body weight gains significantly (P<0.05) reduced, whereas weights significantly (P<0.05) increased in test groups in a dose and time dependant manner. The histomorphometric and stereologic findings, including diameters of somniferous tubules, thickness of somniferous tubules epithelium, the leydig's cell distribution, TDI, SI, RI revealed that, all these parameters are also significantly (P<0.05) reduces in test groups in a dose and time dependant manner. C onclusion: Pyridaben causes histomorphometric and stereologic changes in testis, as well as hormonal and reproductive functional alternations in BALB/c mice. }, keywords = {Hormones Male mouse Pyridaben Reproduction ROS NOS}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1867.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1867_9ecfbcc67aa9d5d69c187e90ad1f217d.pdf} } @article { author = {Etemad, Leila and Mohammad, Afshar and Mohammadpour, Amir Hooshang and Vahdati Mashhadi, Nasser and Moallem, Seyed Adel}, title = {Teratogenic Effects of Pregabalin in Mice}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1065-1070}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1868}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to affect fetal development throughout pregnancy. Considering the broad therapeutic indications of pregabalin (PGB), its potential teratogenic effects and the levels of homocysteine have been studied.   Materials and Methods: Timed-pregnant mice received one of three doses of PGB (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg/day) or the vehicle control during organogenesis, intraperitoneally. The litters were stained and examined for malformations. Total homocysteine (tHcy) was measured in serum from the pregnant mice on GD18. Results: The rate of fetus malformations increased significantly in all treated groups as compared to the control group. The abnormalities included limb, vertebral column and craniofacial abnormalities. The most common abnormality was limb deformity. The percentage of fetal resorption significantly increased at higher doses. There was no significant difference in tHcy concentrations between the treated and control groups. Conclusion: Pregabalin may have potential teratogenic effects even in lower doses, however with less intensity than other AEDs. Therefore, it is suggested that great caution should be taken when prescribing it in pregnancy and further investigation for possible mechaninsms. }, keywords = {Antiepileptic drugs Developmental toxicity Homocysteine Teratogenicity}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1868.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1868_880385227897c385d81799e0953a34a4.pdf} } @article { author = {Frozanfar, Ali and Ramezani, Mohammad and Rahpeyma, Amin and Khajehahmadi, Saeedeh and Arbab, Hamid Reza}, title = {The Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on the Expression of Collagen Type I Gene and Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts (Hgf3-Pi 53): in vitro Study}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1071-1074}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1869}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Recent investigations show that both proliferation and secretion of macromolecules by cells can be regulated by low level laser therapy (LLLT). The aim of this study was to determine whether LLLT could induce a bio-stimulatory effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF3-PI 53). Therefore, the effect of laser irradiation on human gingival cell proliferation and collagen type I gene expression was studied.   Materials and Methods: HGF3-PI 53 were cultured in 96-well plate and then irradiated with LLLT gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga–Al–As), 810 nm, 50 mW diode laser (energy: 4 J/cm2) for three consecutive days. The cell proliferation was measured on days 1, 2 and 3 after irradiation with LLLT using MTT assay. Real time PCR analysis was utilized on day 3 to evaluate the expression of collagen type I gene. Results : Evaluation of cellular proliferation, one day after laser treatment showed no difference compared to control group. But on days 2 and 3, significant increase in proliferation was observed in the irradiated cell populations in comparison to the control group. Treatment of HGF3-PI 53 by laser resulted in a significant increase in collagen I gene expression on 3 day. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that LLLT stimulated human gingival fibroblast proliferation as well as collagen type I gene expression in vitro. }, keywords = {Collagen type I Human gingival fibroblasts Low level laser therapy}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1869.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1869_f4ab28509d2554dc7b28b6f8bf6d6547.pdf} } @article { author = {Hashemi, Zahra Sadat and Forouzandeh Moghadam, Mahdi and Soleimani, Masoud}, title = {Comparison of the Ex Vivo Expansion of UCB-Derived CD34+ in 3D DBM/MBA Scaffolds with USSC as a Feeder Layer}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1075-1087}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1870}, abstract = {    Objective(s): Ex vivo expansion of hematopoitic stem cells is an alternative way to increase umbilical cord blood (UCB)-CD34+ cells for bone marrow transplantation. For this purpose demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and mineralized bone allograft (MBA) as two scaffolds based on bone matrix and stem cell niche, were simultaneously used to enhance the effect of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) - unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) - as a feeder layer.   Materials and Methods: USSCs were isolated and characterized by morphological and immunological analysis then seeded on both scaffolds as a feeder layer. UCB-CD34+ were isolated by MACS method and were co-culture expanded by USSC in 3D and 2D environments. After 3 weeks expansion, cells were counted and were assessed by karyotype, flow cytometry, clonogenic activity, and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC). Results: Co-culture expansion in DBM and MBA was 29.22-fold and 27.77-fold, no significant differences in colony and LTC-IC were obtained. Maximum number of colonies belonged to the day 14 with the 73% CFU-GM (Colony Forming Unit- Granulocyte/Macrophage) in contrast to the day 0 which was BFU-E/CFU-E (Burst/Colony Forming Unit-Erythroid). Flow cytometry indicated that the percentage of CD34+ marker was decreased in USSC co-culture and the highest percentage was observed in simple 2D culture. Conclusion: Because of acid extraction in the DBM production process, mineral materials were removed and the protein background that was more flexible was presented. Therefore these results suggest that USSC-DBM can be a suitable ex vivo mimicry niche by intensifying of surface/volume ratio and supporting the stem cell differentiation and expansion. }, keywords = {DBM Ex vivo expansion MBA scaffold UCB-CD34+ USSC cells}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1870.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1870_c04a89201d875f14ab01d09e82dfc271.pdf} } @article { author = {Huang, Zehao and Ren, Jianwu}, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Elephant Garlic and Its Effect against U2OS Human Osteosarcoma Cells}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1088-1094}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1871}, abstract = {  Objective(s): The present study was designed to investigate the antibacterial function and pharmacological effect of elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum) on U2OS human osteosarcoma cells.   Materials and Methods: Seven kinds of bacteria were reconstituted, inoculated and tested in this research to evaluate elephant garlic antibacterial activity. By the means of FACS analysis, cell proliferation assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy and Transwell migration assays, the effect of elephant garlic against U2OS human osteosarcoma cells was unveiled. Rerults: The antimicrobial activity of elephant garlic was stronger than ampicillin when used against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus actinomycetes, and gray actinomycetes. Even at a very low concentration (12.5%), elephant garlic still had an antibacterial effect on common bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The G0/G1 ratio of elephant garlic treated group cells increased while S phase decreased. Elephant garlic extract inhibited the growth of human osteosarcoma cells, U2OS, through preventing the transition from G1 phase to S phase. It reduced osteosarcoma cell, U2OS, invasion ability and significantly increased the proportion of apoptosis. It significantly affected the cytoskeleton generation. Conclusion: Elephant garlic exhibits antibacterial property and has an inhibitory effect on osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) proliferation and cell activity, suggesting the mechanism of its anticancer effects on U2OS human osteosarcoma cells. }, keywords = {Anticancer Bacteriostasis Elephant garlic Osteosarcoma}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1871.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1871_92cd0c26668d55a73cd231916ef6ae60.pdf} } @article { author = {Saedi-Marghmaleki, Vajiheh and Alaei, Hojjat Allah and Azizi-Malekabadi, Hamid and Pilehvarian, Aliasghar}, title = {Effect of Physical Activity on Symptoms of Morphine Addiction in Rats, after and before of Lesion of the mPFC Area}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1095-1099}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1872}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Drug addiction is one of the fastest growing social problems that researchers, for many years, have been trying to find proper strategies for its prevention and treatment. Short-term physical activity is considered as acceptable for the treatment and prevention of addiction. On the other hand, prefrontal cortex is known to be responsible for many of the complex behavioral responses, especially those relevant to addiction and drug abuse. In this study, the effects of short-term physical activity (treadmill running) on withdrawal symptoms in rats, with or without medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) area was evaluated.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g. Were selected and divided into four groups: control, sham, test1 and test 2 groups, with one group having a surgery (test 2). In order to study the effects of short-term physical activity, we employed a treadmill with the adjustable speed of 17 m/min, and a 15% incline. Following the injection of three different doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg) for 9 days, treadmill running was completed on the tenth day and then the symptoms of addiction were evaluated. Results: Administration of morphine as aforementioned, and treadmill running on rats with mPFC area, significantly alleviated some of the symptoms and signs, such as, bruxism, cycling, body lift, licking, standing and scratching (P<0.05). Therefore, there are noticeable differences in these symptoms between the exercise and morphine groups (P<0.05). Conclusion : We propose that when using morphine mPFC plays an important role in the reduction of reward symptoms. Running lessens the effects of morphine. Moreover, short-term physical activity might decrease the tendency to use morphine in those with mPFC area, compared to other groups, especially with the one undergoing an mPFC operation. }, keywords = {Exercise Morphine mPFC Withdrawal symptom}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1872.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1872_c670620b82a438ee4eadd1dd94f2db4d.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi, Fatemeh and Torab, Mansour and Khattab, Mostafa and Homayouni, Alireza and Afrasiabi Garekani, Hadi}, title = {Improvement of Physico-mechanical Properties of Partially Amorphous Acetaminophen Developed from Hydroalcoholic Solution Using Spray Drying Technique}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1100-1108}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1873}, abstract = {  Objective(s): This study was performed aiming to investigate the effect of particle engineering via spray drying of hydroalcoholic solution on solid states and physico-mechanical properties of acetaminophen.   Materials and Methods: Spray drying of hydroalcoholic solution (25% v/v ethanol/water) of acetaminophen (5% w/v) in the presence of small amounts of polyninylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5% w/w based on acetaminophen weight) was carried out. The properties of spray dried particles namely morphology, surface characteristics, particle size, crystallinity, dissolution rate and compactibility were evaluated. Results: Spray drying process significantly changed the morphology of acetaminophen crystals from acicular (rod shape) to spherical microparticle. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) studies ruled out any polymorphism in spray dried samples, however, a major reduction in crystallinity up to 65%, especially for those containing 5% w/w PVP was observed. Spray dried acetaminophen particles especially those obtained in the presence of PVP exhibited an obvious improvement of the dissolution and compaction properties. Tablets produced from spray dried samples exhibited excellent crushing strengths and no tendency to cap. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that spray drying of acetaminophen from hydroalcoholic solution in the presence of small amount of PVP produced partially amorphous particles with improved dissolution and excellent compaction properties. }, keywords = {Acetaminophen Amorphous particles Compaction Crystallinity Dissolution Spray drying}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1873.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1873_19d415a3152db87253f8a8b65867a268.pdf} } @article { author = {Pahlavan, Yasaman and Sepehri, Gholamreza and Sheibani, Vahid and Afarinesh khaki, Mohammadreza and Gojazadeh, Morteza and Pahlavan, Bahare and Pahlavan, Fereshteh}, title = {Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Intracerebroventricular Injection of Aqueous Extract of Origanum Vulgare Leaves in Rat: Possible Involvement of Opioid System}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1109-1113}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1874}, abstract = {  Objective(s): The aim of study was to investigate the antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of Origanum vulgare (ORG) extract and possible involvement of opioid receptors.   Materials and Methods: Cannula was inserted into left ventricle of male rats. Five days after surgery Tail Flick Latency (TFL) was measured after ICV microinjection of, ORG (1, 3 and 6 μg / rat). Effective dose of ORG was injected ICV in concomitant with morphine (2 mg/kg, IP), naloxone (2 mg / kg, IP) and saline (0.5 μl/rat) and TFL was recorded. Results: The co- administration of ORG extract with morphine showed a significant increase in TFL and naloxone, pretreatment significantly inhibited the antinociceptive activity of ORG and morphine. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of ORG possesses antinociceptive activities in the tail-flick test in a dose dependent manner. ORG - induced antinociception may have been mediated by opioid systems. }, keywords = {Intracerebroventricular Origanum vulgare Pain Rat Tail-flick test}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1874.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1874_477820a16f674a68d304e0196adc9d37.pdf} } @article { author = {Naghavi, Farzaneh Sadat and Hanachi, Parichehr and Soudi, Mohammad Reza and Saboora, Azra and Ghorbani, Atefeh}, title = {Evaluation of the Relationship between the Incubation Time and Carotenoid Production in Rhodotorula Slooffiae and R. Mucilaginosa Isolated from Leather Tanning Wastewater}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {16}, number = {10}, pages = {1114-1118}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2013.1875}, abstract = {  Objective(s): Carotenoids which are naturally synthesized by fungi such as yeasts can act as an antioxidant which is closely related to their ability to decrease the risk of a variety of degenerative diseases. In recent years, the increase of demand for carotenoids obtained from natural sources has promoted major efforts to improve carotenoid production from biological sources such as pigmented yeasts. The aim of this study was comparing incubation time and carotenoid production in Rhodotorula slooffiae and R. mucilaginosa isolated from leather tanning wastewater.   Materials and Methods: To isolate the carotenoid pigment, cells were suspended in acetone and broken using a homogenizer, followed by centrifugation and separation of supernatant. In order to study the effect of incubation time, samples were held at 30 С in a shaker at 150 rpm for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr. For analytical evaluation, pigments were measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm using the extinction coefficient E1%450=2500. Results: The results showed that the content of total carotenoid in R. slooffiae was the highest when samples were incubated for 72 hr. Overall, R. mucilaginosa had more potential to produce carotenoid. The best incubation periods for R. slooffiae and R. mucilaginosa were 72 hr and 48 hr, respectively. Conclusion: It seemed that the maximum rate of total carotenoid was not directly associated with the maximum amount of cell biomass and the type of carotenoid and their relative amount may vary depending on genus of yeast. }, keywords = {Antioxidant Carotenoid Incubation time Rhodotorula Spectrophotometry}, url = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1875.html}, eprint = {https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1875_2ebdfa002c1c0863b2b5eb0d238c93d8.pdf} }