ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Inhibitory Effect of Some Iranian Plants Extracts on the Alpha Glucosidase
Objective
Diabetes mellitus is manifested by hyperglycaemia. Different treatments such as diets and drugs are recommended for diabetes control. For various reasons in recent years traditional plant (herbal) therapies as prescribed by indigenous systems of medicine with different mechanisms have commonly been used. The digestive enzymes such as alpha glucosidase are among these herbal remedies.
Materials and Methods
One hundred species of plants were collected or purchased from the Medicinal Herbal Markets and botanically identified. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared by the maceration method. The enzymatic activities of alpha glucosidase were determined colorimetrically by monitoring the release of p-nitrophenol from the appropriate p-nitrophenol glycoside substrate, after 30 mins incubation at 37 ◦C in the phosphate buffer (pH= 6.8).
Results
Among 200 prepared extracts, Verbascum kermanensis, Rosa damascene, Rosmarinus officinalis, Levisticum officinale, Zataria multiflora Sanguisorba minor, Alhagi camelorum, Pistacia vera, Vaccinium arcto-staphylus, Zhumeria majdae, Alpinia officinarum, Salvadora persica, and Thymus serpyllum showed more than 50% inhibitory effect on the alpha glucosidase.
Conclusion
These active plants have no records in the literature for their anti diabetic effect and might be the new agents for diabetes control. This needs further in vitro and in vivo studies, some of which are under investigation
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5190_f43c88d4cc2c5e331b2670582c30064f.pdf
2008-01-01
1
9
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5190
Alpha glucosidase
Diabetes
Herbals
Hyperglycemia
Inhibitors
Plant
Ahmad
Gholamhoseinian
agnajar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Biochemistry, Medical School & Kerman Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein
Fallah
hf59ma@yahoo.com
2
Department of Biochemistry, Medical School & Kerman Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Fariba
Sharifi-far
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mansour
Mirtajaddini
4
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Melo EBd, Gomesb AdS, Carvalhob I. Alpha- and beta-glucosidase inhibitors: chemical structure and biological activity. Tetrahedron 2006; 62:10277–10302.
1
2. Zanatta L, de Sousa E, Cazarolli LH, Junior AC, Pizzolatti MG, Szpoganicz B, et al. Effect of crude extract and fractions from Vitex megapotamica leaves on hyperglycemia in alloxan-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109:151-155.
2
3. Li Y, Wen S, Kota BP, Peng G, Li GQ, Yamahara J, et al. Punica granatum flower extract, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99:239-244.
3
4. Ortiz-Andrade RR, Garcia-Jimenez S, Castillo-Espana P, vila GR-A, Villalobos-Molina R, Estrada-Soto S. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of the methanolic extract from Tournefortia hartwegiana: An anti-hyperglycemic agent. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109: 48–53.
4
5. Shim YJ, Doo HK, Ahn SY, Kim YS, Seong JK, Park IS, et al. Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 85:283-287.
5
6. Pluempanupat W, Adisakwattana S, Yibchok-Anun S, Chavasiri W. Synthesis of N-phenylphthalimide derivatives as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:1501-1506.
6
7. Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J. A-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem 2008; 106:247–252
7
8. Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J. A-Glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem 2008; 106:247–252.
8
9. Duncan AC, Jager AK, Vanstaden J. Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 68:63-70.
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10. Cope WA, Bell TA, Smart WWG. Changes in an enzyme inhibitor and tannin content in Serica lespezda. Crop Sci Society Am 1971; 11:893-895.
10
11. Sepici A, Gurbuz I, Cevik C, Yesilada E. Hypoglycaemic effects of myrtle oil in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93:311-318.
11
12. Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81:155-160.
12
13. Mackenzie T, Leary L, Brooks WB. The effect of an extract of green and black tea on glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: double-blind randomized study. Metabolism 2007; 56:1340-1344.
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14. Sabu MC, Smitha K, Kuttan R. Anti-diabetic activity of green tea polyphenols and their role in reducing oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 83:109-116.
14
15. Afifi FU, Al-Khalidi B, Khalil E. Studies on the in vivo hypoglycemic activities of two medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in Jordanian traditional medicine following intranasal administration. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100:314 -318.
15
16. Romani A, Coinu R, Carta S, Galardi C, Vincieri FF, Franconi F. Evaluation of antioxidant effect of different extract of Myrtus communis L. Free Radic Res 2004; 38:97-103
16
17. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990; 33:462-464.
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18. Kimura I, Nakashima N, Sugihara Y, Fu-jun C, Kimura M. The antihyperglycaemic blend effect of traditional chinese medicine byakko-ka-ninjin-to on alloxan and diabetic KK-CA(y) mice. Phytother Res 1999; 13:484-488.
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19. Glombitza KW, Mahran GH, Mirhom YW, Michel KG, Motawi TK. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina-christi in rats. Planta Med 1994; 60:244 -247.
19
20. Gheibi N, Hashemi HJ, Parvizi M. the effect of cinnamon on glucose concentration of diabetic rats in presence or absence of insulin. Qazvin Univ. Med. Sci 2005; 9:2-7.
20
21. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989; 10:69-73.
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22. Narendhirakannan RT, Subramanian S, Kandaswamy M. Mineral content of some medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2005; 103:109-115.
22
23. Saxena A, Vikram NK. Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: a review. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10:369-378.
23
24. Farzami B, Ahmadvand D, Vardasbi S, Majin FJ, Khaghani S. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused islets of Langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89:47-53.
24
25. Pérez C, Dom?nguez E, Ramiro JM, Romero A, Campillo JE, Torres MD. A study on the glycaemic balance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with an aqueous extract of Ficus carica (fig tree) leaves. Phytother Res 1998; 10:82-83.
25
26. Hussain Z, Waheed A, Qureshi RA, Burdi DK, Verspohl EJ, Khan N, et al. The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Phytother Res 2004; 18:73-77.
26
27. Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:849-852.
27
28. Esmaeili MA, Yazdanparast R. Hypoglycaemic effect of Teucrium polium: studies with rat pancreatic islets. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 95:27-30.
28
29. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84:105-108.
29
30. Talpur N, Echard B, Ingram C, Bagchi D, Preuss H. Effects of a novel formulation of essential oils on glucose-insulin metabolism in diabetic and hypertensive rats: a pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:193-199.
30
31. Hwang JK, Kong TW, Baek NI, Pyun YR. Alpha-glycosidase inhibitory activity of hexagalloylglucose from the galls of Quercus infectoria. Planta Med 2000; 66:273-274.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Induction of Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells with TGF-β3 in Pellet Culture System
Objective
Adult stem cells which are derived from different tissues, with their unique abilities to self-renew and differentiate into various phenotypes have the potential for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Human adipose tissue is an appropriate source of mesenchymal stem cells with wide differentiation potential for tissue engineering research. In this study isolated stem cells from human subcutaneous adipose tissue were investigated for chondrogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in pellet culture system treated withtransforming growth factor- β3 (TGF-β3).
Materials and Methods
Human ADSCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and digested with collagenase type I. Immunocytochemical method for cell surface antigens was done in order to characterize the cells. The isolated cells were treated with chondrogenic medium, supplemented with TGF-β3 in pellet culture system and harvested after 21 days. Histological staining was used to evaluate the presence of proteoglycan, with alcian blue. Immunohistochemical method performed for the assessment of cartilage–specific type II collagen and aggrecan. Also, in order to confirm our results, we managed RT-PCR technique.
Results
Chondrogenesis of ADSCs in pellet culture, induced by TGF-β3 growth factor. Histological and immunohistochemical methods showed deposition of typical cartilage extracellular matrix components in pellets. RT-PCR analysis of cartilage matrix genes, such as type II collagen and aggrecan, also, confirmed the induction of the chondrocytic phenotype in high-density culture upon stimulation with TGF-β3.
Conclusion
TGF-β3 promoted chondrogenesis of ADSC in pellet culture system. We suggest that human subcutaneous adipose stem cells could be excellent candidates for the cartilage tissue engineering.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5191_9d63cb89992d23723c9c94830a99f33f.pdf
2008-01-01
10
17
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5191
Adipose
Chondrogenesis
Stem cell
Tissue engineering
TGF- β3
Batool
Hashemibeni
1
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahnaz
Razavi
razavi@med.mui.ac.ir
2
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Esfandiary
esfandiari@med.mui.ac .ir
3
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saeed
Karbasi
4
Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Mardani
mardani@med.mui.ac.ir
5
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Nasresfahani
6
Pathology Lab of Azzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
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23. Awad HA, Wickham MQ, Leddy HA, Gimble JM, Guilak F. Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3211-3222.
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26. Majumdar MK, Wang E, Morris EA. BMP-2 and BMP-9 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human multipotential mesenchymal cells and overcomes the inhibitory effect of IL-1. J Cell Physiol 2001; 189:275-284.
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38. Sekiya I, Larson BL, Vuoristo JT, Reger RL, Prockop DJ. Comparison of effect of BMP-2, -4, and -6 on in vitro cartilage formation of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:269-276.
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39. Lee RH, Kim BC, Choi IS, Kim H, Choi HS, Suh KT. Characterization and expression analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and adipose. Tissue Cell Physiol Biochem 2004; 14:311-324.
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Exposure to Chronic Noise Reduces the Volume of Hippocampal Subregions in Rats
Objective The hippocampal circuit integrity is crucial for learning and memory. Despite the existing reports on hippocampal–dependent memory impairment due to noise stress, there are only a few studies on the effect of noise stress on anatomical structure of hippocampus. The present study is aimed to investigate the likely effects of chronic noise exposure on the volume of rat hippocampus. Materials and Methods Two-month male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group). In the control group rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions (150 days). In the noise-exposed group: Rats were exposed to 40 dB unmodulated sinosoidal noise with a frequency of 1100 Hz for 20 mins, three times per day for 90 days. The recovery group rats were exposed to noise for 90 days and allowed to survive without further treatment until the day of sacrifice (180th day). The right hemispheres were selected for stereological study. Twenty five μm thick sections were cut along the entire extent of the hippocampus. Using systematic uniformly random sampling, one section from every twenty sections was analyzed. Volume estimation was performed using Cavalieri principle. Results Statistical analysis revealed that noise stress induces a significant reduction in volume of all layers of hippocampal subdivisions, except CA1 hippocampal field. In addition, we found that rats which were allowed to recover from noise displayed larger volume ofdentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampal field in comparison to noise-exposed rats. Conclusion Reduced volume of hippocampal layers most probably reflects structural alterations in the neurites of related neurons. These results provide a neuroanatomical basis that may be relevant to the reported memory disturbances in human and animals following noise stress.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5192_77cceaeea6c777433d834b7d4c215d30.pdf
2008-01-01
18
24
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5192
Hippocampus
Noise pollution
Volume estimation
Mohammad
Hosseini-sharifabad
m_hosseini@ ssu.ac.ir
1
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdoreza
Sabahi
2
Departments of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Isfahan, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Spreng M. Possible health effect of noise induced cortisol increase. Noise Health 2000; 2:59-64.
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2. Spreng M. Central nervous system activation by noise. Noise Health 2000; 2:49-58.
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4. Rusakov DA, Davies HA, Harrison E, Diana G, Richter LG, Bliss TVP. Ultrastructural synaptic correlates of spatial learning in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 1997; 80:69-77.
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5. Sousa RJ, Tannary NH, Lafer EM. In situ hybridisation mapping of glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat brain. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3:481- 494.
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6. Prior H. Effects of predictable and unpredictable intermittent noise on spatial learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2002; 133: 117-124.
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7. Manikandan S, Padma MK, Srikumar R, Jeya Parthasarathy N, Muthuvel A, Sheela Devi R. Effects of chronic noise stress on spatial memory of rats in relation to neuronal dendritic alteration and free radical-imbalance in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2006; 399:17-22.
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8. Haines MM, Brentnall SL, Stansfeld SA, Klineberg E. Qualitative responses of children to environmental noise. Noise Health 2003; 19:19-30.
8
9. Sabahi AR. Hosseini-sharifabad M. Effect of noise pollution on passive avoidance learning and the size of hippocampus in rat. J Isfahan Med Sch 2006; 24:44-48.
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10. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB. Stereological estimation of the volume-weighted mean volume of arbitrary particles observed on random sections. J Microsc 1985; 138:127-142.
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15. Spreng M. Cortical excitations, cortisol excretion and estimation of tolerable nightly over-flights. Noise Health 2002; 4:39-46.
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16. Sabahi AR, Moradi I. Study of serum cortisol in relation to noise pollution in rats. J Isfahan Med Sch 2003; 68: 17-19.
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17. McEwen BS, Magarinos AM. Stress and hippocampal plasticity: implications for the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 7-19.
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23. Sofroniew MV, Cooper JD, Svendsen CN, Crossman P, Ip NY, Lindsay RM, et al. Atrophy but not death of adult septal cholinergic neurons after ablation of target capacity to produce mRNAs for NGF, BDNF, and NT3. J Neurosci 1993; 13:5263-5276.
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31. Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa M M. Reorganization of the mossy fiber synapses in male and female hypothyroid rats: a stereological study. J Comp Neurol 1993; 337: 334-352.
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35. Saljo A, Bao F, Jingshan S, Hamberger A, Hansson HA, Haglid KG. Exposure to short-lasting impulse noise causes neuronal c-Jun expression and induction of apoptosis in the adult rat brain. J Neurotrauma 2002; 19: 985-991.
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36. Kim H, Lee MH, Chang HK, Lee TH, Lee HH, Shin MC, et al. Influence of prenatal noise and music on the spatial memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of developing rats. Brain Dev 2006; 28: 109-114.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Light Requirement for the Carotenoids Production by Mucor hiemalis
Objective
Fungi produce many different carotenoids and some are attractive in medical and industrial sources. In this work the ability of Mucor hiemalis (PTCC 5292) to produce carotenoids in media with different nitrogenous and carbon sources and incubation with white, yellow, blue and red lights (15W, 220V, E27) against dark-grown were studied.
Materials and Method
The microorganism cultivation in SDA medium, with or without aeration (120 rpm) at 25 °C. Mycelia were collected and dried at 50 °C. The dried mycelia were homogenized in hexane, acetone and H2SO4 (0.5 M) solvents. The carotenoids determined by TLC and HPLC methods.
Results
Theresults showed that M. hiemalis accumulated astaxanthin (mono-esters, di-esters and free), echinenone and canthaxanthin in the mycelia in different conditions. Blue and white lights incubation was the best for production of carotenoid pigments with 1.2 and 1.33 mg/g dried mycelia respectively, but the red light incubation not only did not have an amplifying effect on the production of carotenoid but also slightly reduced this effect. Also, the effect of intervention of lactose sugar showed more effectiveness in producing carotenoid than yeast extract and dextrose or in the presence of both of them.
Conclusion
The information reported in this study on the comparative ability of M. hiemalis for producing carotenoids, should be useful for assessing the biotechnological production of carotenoid pigments if it incubates with white or blue lights.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5193_2401156469148f16ef3541ed642708d2.pdf
2008-01-01
25
32
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5193
Carotenoids
HPLC
Light
Mucor hiemalis
TLC
Anita
Khanafari
khanafari_a@yahoo.com
1
Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Khatereh
Tayari
2
Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Emami
3
Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Moller AP, Biard C, Blount JD, Houston DC, Ninnip, Saino N, and Surai PF. Carotenoid-dependent signals: indicators of foraging efficiency, immunocompetence, or detoxification ability? Avian and Poultry Biol Rev 2000; 11:137-159.
1
2. Fraser PD, Pinto MES, Holloway DE, Bramley PM. Application of high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection to the metabolic profiling of plant isoprenoids. The Plant J 2000; 24: 551 558.
2
3. Stringham JM, Hammond BR. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin: possible effects on visual function. Nutrition Revi 2005; 63:59–64.
3
4. Nishino H, Murakosh M, Ii T, Takemura M, Kuchide M, Kanazawa M, et al. Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002; 21:257-264.
4
5. Sesso Howard D, Buring Julie E, Norkus Edward P. Gaziano J Michael, Plasma lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Clinic Nutri 2004; 79:47-53.
5
6. Dexter L M, Stephen BK, Davis CE. Serum Carotenoids and Coronary Heart Disease: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. J Am Med As 1994; 272:1439-1441.
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7. Rodney L. Ausich. Commercial opportunities for carotenoid production by biotechnology. Pure & App Chem 1997; 69 (10): 2169-2173.
7
8. Clauditz A, Resch A, Wieland K P, Peschel A, Gotz F. Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to cope with oxidative stress. Infection and Immunity 74, 4950–4953. Advances, 2006; 13, 491-551.
8
9. Pelz A, Wieland K P, Putzbach K, Hentschel P, Albert A, Götz F. Structure and biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 32493–32498.
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10. Neff M M, Fankhauser C, Chory J. Light: an indicator of time and p. Genes Dev 2000; 14: 257–271.
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11. Linden H, Ballario P, Macino G. Blue light regulation in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 1997a; 22: 141 150.
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12. Harding RW, Turner RV. Photoregulation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in albino and white collar mutants of Neurospora crassa. Plant Physiol 1981; 68: 745-749.
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13. Linden H. Blue light perception and signal transduction in Neurospora crassa. In Osiewacz HD (ed.), Molecular Biology of Fungal Development. New York: Marcel Dekker. 2002. p. 165–185.
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14. Dunlap JC. Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell. 1999; 96: 271 290.
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15. Lorenz Todd R. Thin - Layer Chromatography (TLC) system for Natu Rose Carotenoids. Natu Rose Technical Bulletin 1998; 003: 1-3.
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16. Breitenbach J, Braun G, Steiger S, Sandmann G. Chromatographic performance on a C30-bonded stationary phase of monohydroxycarotenoids with variable chain length or degree of desaturation and of lycopene isomers synthesized by various carotene desaturases. J Chromato 2001; 936: 59–69.
16
17. Weber R W S, Anke H, Davoli P. Simple method fort he extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carotenoid pigments from red yeast (Basidomycota, Fungi). J Chromatography, 2007; 1145: 118–122.
17
18. Britton G. Carotenoids. In: Law JH, Rilley HC (Eds.), Methods in enzymology, Orlando: Academic Press; 1985. p.111, 473–518.
18
19. Delgado-Vargus F, Jimenez AR, Peredes-Lopez O. Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains: characteristics biosynthesis, preparation and stability. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2000; 40: 173–289.
19
20. De Ritter E, Purcell A E. Carotenoid analytical methods. In: Bauernfeind, JC Ed Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors. New York: Academic Press, 1981. p. 815–882.
20
21. Casas-Flores Sergio, Rios-Momberg Mauricio, Bibbins M, Ponce-Noyola Patricia and Herrera-Estrella Alfredo. BLR-1 and BLR-2, key regulatory elements of photoconidiation and mycelial growth in Trichoderma atroviride. Microbiology 2004; 150:3561-3569.
21
22. Woitsch S, Romer S. Expression of xanthophyll biosynthetic genes during light-dependent chloroplast differentiation. Plant Physiology 2003; 132:1508-1517.
22
23. Su Q, Rowley KG, Balasz NDH. Reliability of carotenoid analyses: A review. Chromatogr J 2002; 781-393.
23
24. Asker D, Ohta Y. Production of canthaxanthin by extremely halophilic bacteria. J Bioscience Bioengineering 1999; 88(6): 617-621.
24
25. Yokoyama A. Composition and presumed biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum. FEMS Microbial Lett 1995; 128: 139-144.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modified Polyethylenimine: Self Assemble Nanoparticle Forming Polymer for pDNA Delivery
Objective
Polyethylenimine (PEI), a readily available synthetic polycation which has high transfection efficiency owing to its buffering capacity was introduced for transfection a few years ago. But it has been reported that PEI is cytotoxic in many cell lines. In this study, in order to enhance the transfection efficiency of 10 kDa PEI and reduce its toxicity, hydrophobic residues were grafted on PEI.
Materials and Methods
PEI polymers were modified by adding hydrophobic chains to the primary amines of PEI in different degrees of grafting using bromoacetic acid derivatives with different lengths. These polymers were complexed with plasmid DNA at different C/P ratios and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and EtBr-DNA binding assay to determine particle sizes and complex formation, respectively. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of the polymers were also tested in cultured Neuro2a cell line.
Results
DNA condensation measurement revealed that the resulted polymers could form polyplexes with plasmid DNA and they have the ability to condense DNA in relatively low amounts of polymers. Particle size measurement of polyplexes showed that they form particles in the size range of below 190 nm. Transfection experiments showed that polymers which have been modified with hexanoic derivative could transfect pDNA as good as 25 kDa PEI with the advantage of being much less toxic.
Conclusion
Results indicate that the structure modifications of PEI accomplished in this study play a significant role in increasing the transfection efficiency and without inducing the cytotoxicity compared to PEI itself.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5194_0b1f380e6f1286eb50f87114ee7a0c04.pdf
2008-01-01
33
40
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5194
Gene delivery
Nanoparticle
Polyethylenimine
Transfection
Reza
K. Oskuee
1
Department of Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Research Centers, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Dehshahri
2
Department of Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Research Centers, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Wayne.
T. Shier
3
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Ramezani
m.ramazani@mums.ac.ir
4
Department of Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Research Centers, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Cavazzano-Calvo M, Thrasher A, Mavilio F. The future of gene therapy. Nature 2004; 427: 779-781.
1
2. Forrest LM, Meister EG, Koerber J, Pack D. Partial acetylation of polyethylenimine enhances in vitro gene delivery. Pharm Res 2004; 21: 365-371.
2
3. Lungwitz U, Breunig MT, Blunk Gopferich A. Polyethylenimine-based non-viral gene delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 247-266.
3
4. El-Aneed A. An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy. J Control Release 2004; 94: 1-14.
4
5. Lehrman S. Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death. Nature 1999; 401:517-518.
5
6. Liu Q, Muruve DA. Molecular basis of the inflammatory response to adenovirus vectors. Gene Ther 2003; 10: 935-940.
6
7. Sun JY, Anand-Jawa V, Chatterjee S, Wong K K. Immune responses to adeno-associated virus and its recombinant vectors. Gene Ther 2003; 10:964-976.
7
8. Merdan T, Kopecek J, Kissel T. Prospects for cationic polymers in gene and oligonucleotide therapy against cancer. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 2002; 715-758.
8
9. Zhang S, Xu Y, Wang B, Qiao W, Liu D, Li Z. Cationic compounds used in lipoplexes and polyplexes for gene delivery. J Control Release 2004; 100:165-180.
9
10. Boussif O, Lezoualc’h F, Zanta MA. A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:7297–7301.
10
11. Cho YW, Kim J, Park K. Polycation gene delivery systems: escape from endosomes to cytosol. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:721-734.
11
11. Kursa M, Walker GF, Roessler V, Ogris M, Roedl W, Kircheis R, et al. Novel shielded transferrin–polyethylene glycol–polyethylenimine/DNA complexes for systemic tumor-targeted gene transfer. Bioconjugate Chem 2003; 14: 222-231.
12
12. Kircheis R, Schuller S, Brunner S, Ogris M, Heide KH, Zauner W, et al. Polycation-based DNA complexes for tumor-targeted gene delivery in vivo. J Gene Med 1999; 1:111-120.
13
13. Ogris M, Walker G, Blessing T, Kircheis R, Wolschek M, Wagner E. Tumor-targeted gene therapy: strategies for the preparation of ligand–polyethylene glycol–polyethylenimine/DNA complexes. J Control Release 2003; 91:173-181.
14
14. Kircheis R, Wightman L, Schreiber A, Robitza B, Rossler V, Kursa M, et al. Polyethylenimine/DNA complexes shielded by transferrin target gene expression to tumors after systemic application. Gene Ther 2001; 8:28-40.
15
15. Tseng WC, Jong CM. Improved stability of polycationic vector by dextran-grafted branched polyethylenimine. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1277-1284.
16
16. Kim S, Choi JS, Jang HS, Suh H, Park J. Hydrophobic modification of polyethylenimine for gene transfectants. Bull Korean Chem Soc 201; 22:1069-1075.
17
17. Thomas M, Klibanov AM. Non-viral gene therapy: polycation mediated DNA delivery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 62:27-3.
18
18. Thomas M, Klibanov AM. Enhancing polyethylenimine’s delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:14640–14645.
19
19. Brownlie A, Uchegbu A, Schatzlein AG. PEI-based vesicle-polymer hybrid gene delivery system with improved biocompatibility. Int J Pharm 2004; 274:41–52.
20
20. Snyder SL, Sobocinski PZ. An improved 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method for the determination of amines. Anal Biochem 1975;64:284-288.
21
21. Kichler A, Leborgne Ch, Coeytaux E, Danos O. Polyethylenimine-mediated gene delivery: a mechanistic study. J Gene Med 2001; 3:135-144.
22
22. Liu D, Ren T, Gao X. Cationic transfection lipids. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 1307-1315.
23
23. Neu M, Fischer D, Kissel T. Recent advances in rational gene transfer vector design based on poly (ethylene imine) and its derivatives. J Gene Med 2005; 7:992–1009.
24
24. Doody AM, Korley JN, Dang KP, Zawaneh PN, Putnam D. Characterizing the structure/function parameter space of hydrocarbon-conjugated branched polyethylenimine for DNA delivery in vitro. J Control Release 2006; 116:227-237.
25
25. Chen DJ, Majors BS, Zelikin A, Putnam D. Structure–function relationships of gene delivery vectors in a limited polycation library. J Control Release 2005; 103:273-283.
26
26. Gabrielson NP, Pack DW. Acetylation of polyethylenimine enhances gene delivery via weakened polymer/DNA interactions. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2427-2435.
27
27. Fischer D, Bieber T, Li Y, Elsasser HP, Kissel T. A novel non-viral vector for DNA delivery based on low molecular weight, branched polyethylenimine: effect of molecular weight on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. Pharm Res 1999; 16:1273-1279.
28
28. Godbey WT, Wu KK, Mikos AG. Size matters: molecular weight affects the efficiency of poly (ethylenimine) as a gene delivery vehicle. J Biomed Mater Res 1999; 45: 268-275.
29
29. Moghimi SM, Symonds P, Murray JC, Hunter AC, Debska G, Szewczyk A. A two-stage poly (ethylenimine)-mediated cytotoxicity: implications for gene transfer/therapy. Mol Ther 2005; 11:990-995.
30
30. Hunter AC. Molecular hurdles in polyfectin design and mechanistic background to polycation induced cytotoxicity. Adv Drug Deliver Rev 2006; 58:1523-1531.
31
31. Thomas M, Lu JJ, Ge O, Zhang C, Chen J, Klibanov AM. Full deacylation of polyethylenimine dramatically boosts its gene delivery efficiency and specificity to mouse lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:5679-5684.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Anti-Microbial Fiber and its Interaction with Penicillin G on Opportunistic Skin Micro-Flora
Objective
The standard of hygiene in daily life and hospitals can be increased by the use of new antimicrobial fibers, which diminish the danger of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of special fibers on some staphylococcus isolates was investigated.
Materials and Methods
The antimicrobial effect of special type of fibers produced in Isfahan Poly Acryl Plant on three species of Staphylococcus aureus, epidermidis and lugdunensis isolated from 96 samples of hand and foot skin micro-flora was studied. The sensitivity of strains regarding resistant strains, to various antibiotics and beta-lactamase enzyme production was studied. The most resistance to antibiotics and beta-lactamase producer were chosen. Using the cup plate method, the inhibiting effect of pure antimicrobial agent on these strains was proven. Next, using shake flask method the effect of antimicrobial fiber on these strains was studied. In order to compare the effect of the antimicrobial agent of the fiber with that of penicillin G, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fiber antimicrobial agent and of penicillin G was tested on the strains. The effect of the interaction of these two antimicrobial agents and their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) on the chosen strains was studied using checkerboard method.
Results
The results show a significant effect by antimicrobial fiber with 30%, 60% and 100% antimicrobial agent on Staphylococcus species after 24 hrs. Moreover despite the high level MIC of penicillin G on these bacteria (8-256 µg/ml), the MIC of the pure antimicrobial agent of fiber at a level of 10-4 µl/ml caused growth inhibition. The interaction of these two antibacterial agents on the chosen strains was evaluated as synergism.
Conclusion
According to this study the antimicrobial effect of the fiber on growth inhibition of common, resistant skin bacterial flora is positive and therefore may be used after other successful clinical trials.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5195_289d27dc3c7ed8599ba4bb245efce327.pdf
2008-01-01
41
48
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5195
Antimicrobial fibers
Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC)
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Skin micro-flora
Leila
Qaziasgar
leila_ghaziasgar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciencse, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rouha Kasra
Kermanshahi
2
Department of Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciencse, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
1.Vincent EJ, Vigo TL. Bioactive fibers and polymers. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society; 2001.
1
2.Tew GN, Liu D, Chen B, Doerkson RJ, Kaplan J Carroll PJ, et al. De novo design of biomimetic antimicrobial polymers. PNAS 2002; 99:5110-5114.
2
3.Perepelkin KE. Principles and methods of modification of fibers and fiber material. Princ Fib Chem 2005; 37:123-140.
3
4.Worley SD, Sun G. Biocidal Polymers. Trends Polymer Sci 1996; 4:364-370.
4
5.Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Bailey and Scotts diagnostic microbiology. Missouri: Mosby Inc; 2002.
5
6.Rice LB, Bonomo RA. Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. In: Lorian V. editor. Antibiotic in laboratory medicine. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p.486.
6
7.Knill CJ, Kennedy JF, Mistry J, Miraftab M, Smart G, Groocock MR, Williams HJ. Alginate fibres modified with unhydrolysed and hydrolysed chitosan for wound dressings. Carbohyd Poly 2004; 55:65-76.
7
8.Pongsamart S, Nanatawanit N, Lertchaipon J, Lipipun V. Novel water soluble antibacterial dressing of durian polysaccharide gel. In: III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Volum4: Targeted Screening of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Economics and Low; Chiang Mai 2005; Thailand.
8
9.Renaud FN, Freney J. Les textiles antimicrobiens. Pour to science 1999; 266.
9
10.Pillai SK, Moellering C, Elipoulos GM. Antimicrobial combinations. In: Lorian V. editor. Antibiotic in laboratory medicine. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 365-373.
10
11.Yao F, Fu G D, Zhao J, Kang ET, Neoh KG. Antibacterial effect of surface-functionalized polypropylene hollow fiber membrane from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. J Membr Sci 2008; Article in press.
11
12.Yao C, Li X, Neoh KG, Shi Z, Kang ET. Surface modification and antibacterial activity of electrospun polyurethane fibrouse membranes with quaternary ammonium moieties. J Membr Sci 2008; Article in press.
12
13.Shin Y, Yoo D, Min K. Antimicrobial finishing of polypropylene nonwoven fabric by treatment with chitosan olygomer. J App Polym Sci 1999; 74:2911-2916.
13
14.Salvio G. A new polyester fiber with antibacterial activity. MONTEFIBRE SpA 1999; Available: http://www.montefibre.it/en/polyester/pdf/sani_con00.pdf.
14
15.White WC. A new, durable antimicrobial finish for textile. ÆGIS Microbe Shield. 2005; Available: http://www.aegisasia.com/antimicrobialfinish.html
15
16.Ye W, Leung MF, Xin J, Kwony TL, Lee DL. Novel core-Shell particles with poly (n-butyl aerylate) cores and chitosan shells as an antibacterial coating for textiles. Polymer 2005; 46:10538-10543.
16
17.Dubas ST, Kumlangdudsana P, Potiyaraj P. Layer-by-layer deposition of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles on textile fibers. Colloids and Surfaces 2006; 289:105-109.
17
18.Shao H, Jiang L, Meng WD, Qing FL. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a perflouroalkyl-containing quaternary ammonium salt. J Fluorine Chem 2003; 124:89-91.
18
19.Hayes SF, White WC. How antimicrobial treatment can improve nonwovens. 2005. Available: http://www.aegisasia.com/improvenonwovens.html
19
20.Doern CV, Jones RN, Pfaller MA, Kugler KC, Beach ML. The SENTRY Study Group (North America). Bacterial pathogen isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections: Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United State and Canada, 1997). Diagnos Microbiol Infect Disease 1999; 34:65-72.
20
21.Fass RJ, Helsel VL, Banishan J, Ayers LW. In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase negative Staphylococci. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 1986; 30:545-552.
21
22.Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren Y, Tyrrell K. Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and an aerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2000; 44:2747-2751.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Meal Frequency on Human Serum Complements C3 and C4
Objective
Despite numerous reports on the effects of meal frequency on biochemical parameters such as plasma lipid profile, glucose and insulin, there is almost no study to investigate the influence of meal frequency on immune system. In the present article, for the first time, the effect of meal frequency on complement components C3 and C4, as key components of the complement system, has been investigated.
Materials and Methods
The subjects of this study were fifteen healthy nonsmoker males aged 27.4±6 years. All subjects were placed on two identical diets, in which they consumed the same food either as nine snacks at 2 hrs intervals (nibbling diet) or three meals at 7 hrs intervals (gorging diet). Each diet was continued for fourteen days. At the end of each program, a fasting blood sample was obtained and its complements C3 and C4 levels were determined. The results were compared using Student’s paired t-test.
Results
Nibbling diet led to a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the complement C3 level compared to the normal dietary regimen (111.6±34.5 vs. 140.0±27.5 mg/dl). On the other hand, during gorging period, no significant change was observed in complement C3 level compared with the control value 145.7±51.5 vs. 140.0±27.5 mg/dl). However, the level of complement C4 increased significantly (P< 0.05) following gorging diet (25.6 ±15.5 vs. 37.6±11.5 mg/dl).
Conclusion
According to the results obtained, a change in the number of meals may alter the serum levels of complements C3 and C4 with a decrease in both complements levels and an increase in C4 level during nibbling and gorging dietary regimens, respectively.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5196_ef67684e766b6958c47127849298d965.pdf
2008-01-01
49
54
10.22038/ijbms.2008.5196
Complements
Gorging
Meal frequency
Nibbling
Mohammad-Reza
Rashidi
rashidi@tbzmed.ac.ir
1
Biochemistry and Drug Metabolism Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Badrossadat
Rahnama
2
Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Sakamoto M, Fujisawa Y, Nishioka K. Physiologic role of the complement system in host defense, disease, and malnutrition. Nutrition 1998; 14:391-398.
1
2. Amati L, Cirimele D, Pugliese V, Coveli V, Resta F, Jirillo E. Nutrition and immunity: laboratory and clinical aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9:1924-1931.
2
3. Marcos A, Nova E, Montero A. Changes in the immune system are conditioned by nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; (Suppl 1):566-569.
3
4. Hulsewe KWE, van Acker BAC, von Meyenfeldt MF, Soeters PB. Nutritional depletion and dietary manipulation: effects on the immune response. World J Surg 1999; 23:536-544.
4
5. Calder PC, Kew S. The immune system: a target for functional foods? Br J Nutr 2002; (Suppl 2):5165-177.
5
6. Chandra RK. Nutrition and immune system from birth to old age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; (Suppl 3):573-576.
6
7. Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66:4605-4635.
7
8. Gibney MJ, Wolever TMS. Periodicity of eating and human health: present perspective and future directions. Br J Nutr 1997; 77(Suppl. 1):53-55.
8
9. Mann J. Meal frequency and plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Br J Nutr 1997; 77 (Suppl.1):583-590.
9
10. Jenkins DJA, Khan A, Jenkins AL, Illingworth R, Pappu AS, Wolever TMS et al. Effect of nibbling versus gorging on cardiovascular risk factors: serum uric acid and blood lipids. Metabolism 1995; 44:549-555.
10
11. Southgate DAT. Nibblers, gorgers, snackers and grazers. BMJ 1990; 300:136-137.
11
12. Palmblad J, Cantell K, Holm G, Norberg R, Strander H, Sunblad L. Acute energy deprivation in man: effect on serum immunoglobulins antibody response, complement factors 3 and 4, acute phase reactants and interferon-producing capacity of blood lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 30:50-5.
12
13. Wing EJ, Stanko RT, Winkelstein A, Adibi SA. Fasting-enhanced immune effector mechanisms in obese subjects. Am J Med 1983; 75:91-96.
13
14. Weindruch R, Walford RL, Fligiel S, Guthrie D. The retardation of aging in mice by dietary restriction: longevity, cancer, immunity and lifetime energy intake. J Nutr 1986; 116:641-654.
14
15. Kelley DS, Daudu PA, Branch LB, Johnson HL, Taylor PC, Mackey B. Energy restriction decreases number of circulating natural killer cells and serum levels of immunoglobulins in overweight women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48:9-18.
15
16. Mizutani H, Engelman RW, Kurata Y, Ikehara S, Good RA. Energy restriction prevents and reverse immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and increases life span of ITP-prone (NZW x BXSB) F1 mice. J Nutr 1994; 124:2016-2023.
16
17. Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Johnson HL, Mackey BE. Energy restriction and immunocompetence in overweight women. Nutr Res 1998; 18:159-169.
17
18. Wing EJ, Magee MD, Braczynski LK. Acute starvation in mice reduces the number of T cells and suppresses the development of T-cell-mediated immunity. Immunol 1988; 63:677-682.
18
19. Savendahl L, Underwood LE. Decreased interleukin-2 production from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells in human acute starvation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1177-1180.
19
20. Wing EJ, Barczynski LK. Effect of acute nutritional deprivation on immune function in mice. II. Response to sublethal radiation. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 30:479-487.
20
21. Cunningham-Rundles S, Ho Lin D. Nutrition and the immune system of the gut. Nutrition 1998; 14:573-579.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Anti-Rh D Immunoglobulin Stability in the Lyophilization Processes
Objective
Anti-Rh D IgG is used for the prevention of anti-D antibody production in Rh- individuals who have been exposed to Rh+ red blood cells. The stability of IgG preparations as a solution is low, with a shelf life of a year or more. Formulation of anti-Rh D IgG as a lyophilized preparation would decrease its degradation rate and increases its shelf life. The objective of this study was to formulate the anti-Rh D as a lyophilized preparation using different formulations and optimize the lyophilization processes.
Materials and Methods
The effect of various formulations on the stability of anti-Rh D was evaluated using accelerated stability test. In this method the amount of transmittance (T %) at 585 nm for the lyophilized preparations had inverse relationship with aggregation of anti-Rh D. To improve stability, the most stable formulation was selected and different concentrations of sucrose in the presence of sodium-potassium phosphate buffer 25 mM pH 7.5. Then, the bioactivity was determined, using the ELAT test and also, the amount of moisture measured in this formulation.
Results
Among different formulations, the one with anti-Rh D 5 mg/ml, tween 80 0.1%, glycine 0.15 M, manitol 7% and sucrose 60 mM in sodium-potassium phosphate buffer 25 mM pH 7.5 was the most stable formulation (P<0.05). The result of biological test of ELAT showed that bioactivity of more than 93% meets the requirement set by British Pharmacopoeia. The amount of moisture measured in this formulation was less than 3%.
Conclusion
It was concluded that this formulation could be introduced as a candidate for the formulation of anti-Rh D in a lyophilized dosage form.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5197_1a4417e0d5d3cb757b3a199051dfce8a.pdf
2008-01-01
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10.22038/ijbms.2008.5197
Anti-Rh D IgG
Bioactivity
Formulation
Lyophilization
Protein stability
Abdol-Reza
Varasteh
varasteha@mums.ac.ir
1
Immuno-Biochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Hashemi
2
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Narjess
Baranzadeh
3
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoud-Reza
Jaafari
4
School of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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