ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Immunohistochemical Assessment of Ki-67 Expression in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Salivary Glands
Objective
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor originating from the salivary glands. It’s rather bland histological appearance that masks its ultimate biological aggressiveness. Evaluation of cell cycle and mitoses have been useful in predicting malignancy in many tumors. Ki-67 antigen is a human nuclear antigen that presents during all active phases of cell cycle. The aim of this study was to estimate whether the Ki-67 expression ratio in ACC correlated with the morphological growth pattern and tumor histological grade.
Material and Methods
Tissue samples of 19 ACC, collected from the files in archive of Department of oral pathology, Mashhad Dentistry Faculty. All Samples originated from minor salivary gland including 11 men and 8 women with an avarage age of 46. One section have been stained with H&E to confirm the diagnosis and the other with Ki - 67 monoclonal antibody. All samples graded and scored for Ki-67 immunoreactivity, then the ratio of Ki-67 positive cells was calculated.
Results
The most incidence of tumor was in 4 and 5 decades and in women. The most common site of tumors was palate. Ki-67 expressed in 68% of all samples. The Ki-67 immunoreativity ranges from 15% to 85%. Although the avarage percentage of Ki-67 expression seems to increase with histological grade, but the difference between grade III and grade I, and between grade III and mixed I / II was not statistically significant (P value = 0.3).
Conclusion
For ACC, Ki-67 immunostaining regarding to histological grading is not a reliable tool in predicting the intensity of tumor aggressiveness and seems to have less value. Further studies with greater series of samples are needed to confirm this issue.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5274_3cc642218f3d2492ff4c1591c136bf24.pdf
2007-04-01
84
89
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5274
Ki-67
MIB-1
immunohistochemistry
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
salivary gland
Sakineh
Amoueian
amouians@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of pathology, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Scienc, MuMS, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shadi
Saghafi
saghafis@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Oral pathology, Mashhad Dentistry Faculty, MuMS, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Farzaneh
Farhadi
3
Department of pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Science
AUTHOR
Elaheh
Tohidi
4
Dentist
AUTHOR
Laleh
Sadegi
5
Dentist
AUTHOR
1. Triantafillidou K., Dimitrakopoulos J., Iordanidis F., Koufogiannis D., 2006, Management of adenoid cystic carcinnoma of minor salivary glands, J.Oral Maxillofac Surg. 64,1114-1120.
1
2. Gnepp D. R., Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck, W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia. 2001, 379.
2
3. Rapidis A. D., Givalos N., Gakiopoulou H., Faratzis G., Stavrianos S. D., Vilos G. A., et al., 2005, Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. Clinicopathological analysis of 23 patients and review of the literature, Oral Oncolog.41, 328-335.
3
4. Stallmach I., Zenklusen P., Komminoth P., 2002,Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 6q23-35 correlates with clinical and histological parameters in salivary glands adenoid cystic carcinoma, Virchows Arch. 440,77-84.
4
5. Van der Waal J. E., Becking A. G., Snow G. B., Van der Waal I., 2002, Distant metastases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands and the value of diagnostic examinations during follow-up, Head Neck. 779-83.
5
6. Konkemueller H., Eckardt A., Brachvoget P., Hausamen J. E., 2004, Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck a 20 years experience, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 33, 25-31.
6
7. Nevile B.W., Damm D.D., Allen C.M., Bouquot J.E., Oral and maxillofacial pathology, W.B Sanunders Co, Philadelphia.2002, 406-30.
7
8. Szanto P.A., Luna M.A., Tortoledo M.E., White R.A., 1984, Histologic grading of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands, Cancer. 54,1062-9.
8
9. Mils S.E., Stenberg S., Diagnostic surgical pathology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.2004,946-947.
9
10. Santucci M., Bondi R., 1986,Histologic-Prognostic Correlations in adenoid cystic carcinoma of major and minor salivary glands of oral cavity, Tumori. J. 72,293-300.
10
11. Hideo K., Min Z., Shinobu M., Yoshihiro Y., Toshiko T., Taiki T., et al., 2005,The relationship of the histologic grade at the deep invasive front and the expression of Ki-67 antigen and p53 protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma, J. Oral Pathol Med.34,602-7.
11
12. Norberg-Spaak L., Dardick I., Ledin T., 2000, Adenoid cystic carcinoma: use of cell proliferation, BCL-2 expression, histologic grade and clinical stage as predictors of clinical outcome, Head Neck..22,489-97.
12
13. Carlinfante G., Lazzaretti M., Ferrari S., Bianchi B., Crafa P., 2005, P53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. A clinico-pathologic study of 21 cases with long-term follow-up, Pathol Res Pract.200,791-9.
13
14. Kiyoshima T., Shima K., Kobayashi I., Matsuo K., Okamora K., Komatsu S., et al., 2001, Expression of P53 tumor suppressor gene in adenoid cystic and salivary glands, Oral Oncology. 37,315-322.
14
15.Vacchi Suzi M., Alessi A., et al., 2005, Prognostic relevance of cell proliferation in major salivary gland carcinoma, Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital.25,161-68.
15
16. Skalova A., Lehtenon H., Boguslawsky K., Leivo I., 1994, Prognostic significance of cell proliferation in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland, Hum Pathol. 25,929-35.
16
17. Giannoni C., El-Naggar A.K., Ordonez N.G., Tu Z.N., Austin J., Luna M.A., Batsakis J.G., 1995, C-erbB-2/neu oncogene and Ki-67 analysis in the assessment of palatal salivary gland neoplasms, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 112,391-8.
17
18. Nordgard S., Franzen G., Boysen M., Halvorsen T. B., 1997, Ki-67 as a prognostic marker in adenoid cystic carcinoma assessed with the monoclonal antibody MIB1 in paraffin section, Laryngoscope. 107,531-6.
18
19. Zhu Q., Tipoe G.L., White F.H., 1999, Proliferative activity as detected by immunostaining with Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the human parotid gland, Anal Quant Cytol Histol.21,336-42.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Alginate Microspheres Encapsulated with Autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and CpG -ODN
Objective
The goal of this study was to prepare and characterize alginate microspheres as an antigen delivery
system and adjuvant for immunization against leishmaniasis.
Materials and Methods
Microspheres were prepared by an emulsification technique and characterized for size, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile of encapsulates. Selection of appropriate parameters (viscosity of alginate, emulsifier, and sonication times) enabled the preparation of alginate microspheres with a mean diameter of 1.8 ± 1.0μm, as determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Particle Size Analyzer.
Results
The encapsulation efficiency was about 34.2 ± 6.7% for autoclaved leishmania major and 63.5 ± 6.9% for CpG-ODN, as determined by spectrophotometric assays. In vitro release profile showed a slow release rate for encapsulated ALM, while higher release rate was observed for CpG-ODN. The molecular weight was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and showed that the process of encapsulation did not affect the molecular weight of the entrapped antigen.
Conclusion
With regard to the optimum diameter (less than 5 μm), slow release rate and preservation of antigen
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5275_b44e29377aa34b34b52962df72d5555e.pdf
2007-04-01
90
98
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5275
Adjuvant
Alginate microsphere
CpG-ODN
Immunization
Leishmaniasis
Z.
Ghiasi
1
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
S. A.
Sajadi Tabasi
2
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Tafaghodi
tafaghodim@mums.ac.ir
3
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Handman E. Leishmaniasis: current status of vaccine development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14: 229-243.
1
2. Modabber F. Vaccines against leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1995; 89: 83-88.
2
3. Satti I N, Osman H Y, Daifalla N S, Younis S A, Khalil E A, Zijlstra E E, e t al. Immunogenicity and safety of autoclaved Leishmania major plus BCG vaccine in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Vaccine 2001; 19:2100-2106.
3
4. Follador I, Araujo C, Orge G, Cheng L H, de Carvalho L P, Bacellar O, et al. Immune responses to an inactive vaccine against American cutaneous leishmaniasis together with granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor. Vaccine 2002; 20: 1365-1368.
4
5. Fundueanu G, Esposito E, Mihai D, Carpov A, Desbrieres J, Rinaudo M, et al. Preparation and characterization of Ca-alginate microspheres by a new emulsification method. Int J Pharm 1998; 170: 11-21.
5
6. Lemoine D, Wauters F, Bouchend'homme S, Preat V.Preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres containing a model antigen. Int J Pharm 1998; 176: 9-19.
6
7. Tafaghodi M, Jaafari M R, Sajadi Tabasi S A. Nasal immunization studies by liposomes encapsulated with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 64: 138-145.
7
8. Mittal S K, Aggarwal N, Sailaja G, van Olphen A, HogenEsch H, North A, et al. Immunization with DNA, adenovirus or both in biodegradable alginate microspheres: effect of route of inoculation on immune response. Vaccine 2000; 19: 253-263.
8
9. Gupta R K, Siber G R. Adjuvants for human vaccines--current status, problems and future prospects. Vaccine 1995; 13: 1263-1276.
9
10. Krieg A M. Mechanisms and applications of immune stimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.Biochim. Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Express 1999; 1489: 107-116.
10
11. Mendez S, Tabbara K, Belkaid Y, Bertholet S, Verthelyi D, Klinman D, et al. Coinjection with CpGcontaining immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides reduces the pathogenicity of a live vaccine against cutaneous Leishmaniasis but maintains its potency and durability. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 5121-5129.
11
12. Rhee E G, Mendez S, Shah J A, Wu C Y, Kirman J R, Turon T N, et al. Vaccination with heat-killed leishmania antigen or recombinant leishmanial protein and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces long-term memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and protection against leishmania major infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1565-1573.
12
13. Verthelyi D, Kenney R T, Seder R A, Gam A A, Friedag B, Klinman D M. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants in primates. J Immunol 2002; 168: 1659-1663.
13
14. Diwan M, Tafaghodi MSamuel J. Enhancement of immune responses by co-delivery of a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and tetanus toxoid in biodegradable nanospheres. J Control Rel 2002; 85: 247-262.
14
15. Tafaghodi M. Nasal immunization using biodegradable microspheres and liposomes: tetanus toxoid as a model. Ph.D. Thesis, Mashhad: University of Medical Sciences; 2003.
15
16. Tafaghodi M, Sajadi Tabasi S A, Jaafari M R. Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses by intranasal administration of alginate microspheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN. Int J Pharm 2006; 319: 37-43.
16
17. Tafaghodi M, Sajadi Tabasi S A, Jaafari M R. Formulation and characterization and release studies of alginate microsphere encapsulated with tetanus toxoid. J Biomat Sci Polymer Ed 2006; 17: 909-924.
17
18. Waterborg J H. Quantitation of proteins. In: Walker J. (ed.). The Protein Protocols Handbook. Newjersey: Humana Press; 2002. 3-36. ALM microspheres
18
19. Barman S P, Lunsford L, Chambers P, Hedley M L. Two methods for quantifying DNA extracted from poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. J Control Rel 2000; 69: 337-344.
19
20. Sinha V R, Trehan A. Biodegradable microspheres for protein delivery. J Control Rel 2003; 90: 261-280.
20
21. Vandenberg G W, Drolet C, Scott S L, De la Noue J. Factors affecting protein release from alginatechitosan coacervate microcapsules during production and gastric/intestinal simulation. J Control Rel 2001; 77: 297-307.
21
22. Al-Musa S, Abu Fara D, Badwan A A. Evaluation of parameters involved in preparation and release of drug loaded in crosslinked matrices of alginate. J Control Rel 1999; 57: 223-232.
22
23. Freiberg S, Zhu X X. Polymer microspheres for controlled drug release. Int J Pharm 2004; 282: 1-18.
23
24. Freitas S, Merkle H P, Gander B. Microencapsulation by solvent extraction/evaporation: reviewing the state of the art of microsphere preparation process technology. J Control Rel 2005; 102: 313-332.
24
25. Kahl L P, Lelchuk R, Scott C A, Beesley J. Characterization of Leishmania major antigen-liposomes that protect BALB/c mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 3233-3241.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of SPF and Moisturizing Effects of Liposomal and Conventional Formulations of Octyl Methoxycinnamte as a Sunscreen
Objective
To determine and compare the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) and moisturizing effects of the liposomal and conventional lotion formulations containing octyl methoxycinnamte (OMC) as a sunscreen by in vivo methods.
Materials and Methods
The multilamellar liposomes (MLVs) containing OMC were prepared by fusion method and o/w emulsion was prepared as FDA standard sunscreen method. The SPFs of the formulations were determined by in vivo method according to Australian standard. The exposure area was the back of ten volunteers. Subsites of the backs were exposed to solar simulator as ultraviolet (UV) source. The minimum erythemal dose (MED) for unprotected skin was observed in the next day. The sunscreen was spread (2 mg/cm2) over the area with a finger stall to achieve a uniform film. Each test subsite in a series was exposed to controlled amounts of simulated sunlight by a constant ratio. In the third day, the MEDs of the formulations were observed. The SPF was determined by the ratio between the time required to produce the minimal erythematous reaction by using sunscreen and the time needed to produce the same reaction without using sunscreen. The moisture content of the skin was determined after 30 min, 2, 3, 6 and 10 hours post-application of the formulations containing OMC and also NaCl 3% in eucerin (as a positive control) using Corneometer by measuring electrical capacitance.
Results
The SPF obtained from our in vivo results for standard Homosalate reference was almost the same as published SPF for this standard. The SPF of the liposomes containing OMC was a little bit more than lotion at the same concentration of OMC. All the tested formulations significantly increased the moisture content of the skin compared to control (without any treatment), in all the tested point times. After 30 minutes of post-application, the skin moisture content resulted from OMC-lotion was significantly more than liposomal-OMC and NaCl 3% in eucerin; however, 10 hours after post-application there were no significant differences in the skin moisture content of these three treatment groups.
Conclusion
MLV liposomes prepared by fusion method is a good vehicle for OMC as a sunscreen since it provides proper SPF and increase the moisture content of the skin.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5276_bf0bdbc97be0de086a75339cb9d53911.pdf
2007-04-01
99
110
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5276
Minimum erythemal dose
Moisturizing effects
Multilamellar liposomes
Octyl
methoxycinnamte
Sun Protection Factor
Sh.
Golmohammadzadeh
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, School ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
M.R.
Jaafari
m-jaafari@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, School ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
N.
Khalili
3
Department of Pharmaceutics, School ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
G.
Greenoak
4
Australian Photobiology Testing Facility, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
AUTHOR
1.Kullavanijaya P, Henry W. Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52: 937-958.
1
2.Wilkinson JB, Moore RJ. Harry’s Cosmeticology. Singapore: Longman Scientific & Technical; 1996. 222¬260.
2
3.Burke KE. The value of sunscreens. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 88-90.
3
4. Periolia L, Ambrogi V, Bertini B, Ricci M, Nocchetti M, Latterini L, Rossi C. Anionic clays for sunscreen agent safe use: Photoprotection, photostability and prevention of their skin penetration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 62: 185-193.
4
5.Couteau C, Cullel NP, Connan AE, Coiffard LJM. Stripping method to quantify absorption of two sunscreens in human. Int J Pharm 2001; 222: 153-157.
5
6.Treffel P, Gabard B. Skin penetration and sun protection factor of ultra-violet filters from two vehicles. Pharm Res 1996; 13: 770-774.
6
7.Cummings SR, Tripp MK, Hemmann B. Approaches to the prevention and control of skin cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1997; 16: 309-327.
7
8.Sheu MT, Lin CW, Huang MC, Shen CH, Ho HO. Correlation of in vivo and in vitro measurements of sun protection factor. Int J Cos Sci 2003; 11: 128-132.
8
9.Foldvari M. Effect of vehicle on topical liposomal drug delivery: petrolatum bases, J Microencapsul 1996; 13: 589-600.
9
10.Mezei M. Liposomes and the skin. In: Gregoriadis G, Florence AT, Patel HM, (eds). Liposomes in Drug Delivery. Switzerland Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH; 1993, 25-135.
10
11.Verma DD, Verma S, Blume G, Fahr A. Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin. Int J Pharm 2003; 258: 141-151.
11
12.Foldvari M, Gesztes A, Mezei M. Dermal drug delivery by liposome encapsulation. Clinical and electron microscopic studies. J Microencapsul 1990; 7: 479-482.
12
13.Mezei M, Gulasekharam V. Liposomes-a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration: a gel dosage form. J Pharm Pharmacol 1982; 34: 473-474.
13
14.Gregoriadis G, Kirby C, Large P, Meehan A, Senior J. Targeting of liposomes: study of influence factors. In: Gregoriadis G, Senior J. (eds). Targeting of Drugs. New York: Plenium Press; 1981, 155-184.
14
15.Foldvari M, Blair J, Oguejiofor JN. Topical dosage form of liposomal tetracaine: effect of additives on the in vitro release and in vivo efficacy. J Control Release 1993; 27: 193-205.
15
16.Ramon E, Alonso C, Coderch L, de la Maza A, Lopez O, Parra JL, Notario J. Liposomes as alternative vehicles for sun filter formulations. Drug Deliv 2005; 12: 83-88.
16
17.Harish M, Patel M, Moghimi M. Liposomes and the skin Permeability barrier. In: Gregoriadis G, Florence AT, Patel HM. (eds). Liposomes in Drug Delivery. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH. 1993, 137-147.
17
18.Suzuki K, Sakon K. The application of liposomes to cosmetics. Cosmetic & Toiletries 1990; 105: 65-78.
18
19.Bernacchi F, Puglia C, Citernesi U, Bonina F. Efficacy evaluation of sun products formulated with radical- scavenger in liposome complexes. Ricerche Technologie Cosmeticologiche 2000; 1-15.
19
20.Barenholz Y, Crommelin JA. Liposomes as pharmaceutical dosage forms. In: Swarrick J, Boylan JC. (eds). Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.1994, 1-33.
20
21.Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999. Sunscreen drug products for over the counter human use: final monograph. Federal Register May 21, 64(98): 27666-27693.
21
22.Foldvari M. 1998, Biphasic Liposomes. In US Patent. No. 5,853,755.
22
23.New RRC. Liposomes: a Practical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.1990, 105-160.
23
24.Chisvert A, Pascual-Marti MC, Salvador A. Determination of UV-filters in sunscreens by HPLC. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 369: 638-641.
24
25.Jimenez MM, Pelletier J, Bobin MF, Martini MC. Influence of encapsulation on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of octyl methoxycinnamate. Int J Pharm 2004; 272: 45-55.
25
26.Fang JY, Hwang TL, Huang YL, Fang CL. Enhancement of the transdermal delivery of catechins by liposomes incorporating anionic surfactants and ethanol. Int J Pharm 2006; 310: 131-138.
26
27.Australian/New Zealand Standard. Sunscreen products. Evaluation and classification. AS/NZS 2604:1998, 1-32.
27
28.Matts PJ. Solar ultraviolet radiation: definitions and terminology. Dermatol Clin 2006; 24: 1-8.
28
29.Sato PG, Schmidt JB. Honigsmann H. Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 352-358.
29
30.Alanen E, Nuutinen J, Niclen K, Lahtinen T, Monkkonen J. Measurement of hydration in the stratum corneum with the MoistureMeter and comparison with the Corneometer. Skin Res Technol 2004; 10: 32-37.
30
31.Dykes P J. What are meters measuring? Int J Cos Sci 2002; 24: 241-245.
31
32.Gustavsson H, Farbrot A, Larko O. Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3, a common component of topical sunscreens. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 691-694.
32
33.Springsteen A, Yurek R, Frazier M, Carr F. In vitro measurement of sun protection factor of sunscreens by diffuse transmittance. Anal Chim Acta 1999; 380: 155-164.
33
34.Chatelain E, Gabard B, Surber C. Skin penetration and sun protection factor of five UV filters: Effect of the vehicle. Skin. Pharmacol. Appl Skin Physiol 2003; 16: 28-35.
34
35.Fernandez C, Marti-Mestres G, Ramos J, Maillols H. LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of “in vitro” and “in vivo” skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 24: 155-165.
35
36.Sood A, Venugopalan P, Venkatesan N, Vyas SP. Liposomes in cosmetics and skin care. Indian Drugs 1995; 33: 43-49.
36
37.Ghyczy M, Gareiss J. Liposomes from vegetable phosphatidylcholine. Cosmetic & Toiletries 1994; 109: 75-81.
37
38.Skalko N, Cajkovab M, Jalsenjak I. Liposomes with clindamycin hydrochloride in the therapy of Acne vulgaris. Int J Pharm 1991; 85: 97-101.
38
39.Shaku M, Kuroda H, Okura A. Enhancing stratum corneum functions. Cosmetic & Toiletries 1997; 112: 65-76.
39
40.Straianse SJ. Human skin-moisturizing mechanism and natural moisturizers. Cosmetics & Toiletries 1978; 93: 37-41.
40
41.Oleniacz WS. 1976, In U.S. Patent 3, 957,971.
41
42.Sone T, Hanamizu T, Ichioka M, Yokokura T. Moisturizing effect of vesicles formed from monoglycerides on human skin. Int J Cos Sci 1999; 21: 23-31.
42
43.Idson B, Lazarus J. Semisolids. In: Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. (eds). The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1986, 534-563.
43
44.Fluhr JW, Gloor M, Lazzerini S, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Berardesca E. Comparative study of five instruments measuring stratum corneum hydration (Corneometer CM 820 and CM 825, Skicon 200, Nova DPM 9003, Dermalab). Part I. In vitro. Skin Res Technol 1999; 5: 161-170.
44
45.Rawlings AV, Canestrari DA, Dobkoweski B. Moisturizer technology versus clinical performance. Dermato Ther 2004; 17: 49-56.
45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
New p53 Gene Mutation in non-Cancerous Mustard Gas Exposed Lung
Objective
Mustard gas (MG) is a poisoning chemical, mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agent. It is used during World War I and also Iran-Iraq conflict. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is involved in the pathogenesis of malignant disease. The aim of this study is to determine possible mutation in p53 gene of lung sample from mustard gas exposed patients.
Material and Methods
Twelve lung biopsy samples from 12 Mustard Gas exposed soldiers cases along with control cell line were studied for the presence of mutations in exons 4-9 of the p53 gene by PCR and direct sequencing. Results
Among examined biopsies most of the samples demonstrated normal polymorphism with no significant defected mutations but in one sample one type of p53 gene alteration at codon 278 (CCT^CCA) on transcribed strand was detected. This Mutation has not been observed in another studies related to mustard gas exposure and p53 mutation databases.
Conclusion
In this study we have reported for the first time new p53 mutation in the lung sample of MG exposed patients. It is concluded that only one silent mutation were scanned with no signs of any type of cancer. This type of mutation was not in IARC p53 gene mutation database. Moreover, surrounding sequences of the mutated p53 gene codons have more 5'-GT and 5-GC sequences which have been found both by our study and only one another study on Japanese exposed to MG.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5277_35abf9928c03b908a375e33289d970b5.pdf
2007-04-01
111
117
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5277
Lung Biopsy
Mustard Gas
p53 mutation
PCR
Sequencing
A.
Karami
alikarami1@yahoo.com
1
Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
F.
Biramijamal
2
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Ghanei
3
Research Center of Chemical Injuries, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran 5- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
AUTHOR
S.
Arjmand
4
Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Eshraghi
5
Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Khalilpoor
6
Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1.Qabar A, Nelson M, Guzman J, Corun C, Hwang BJ, Steinberg M. Modulation of sulfur mustard induced cell death human epidermal keratinocytes using IL-10 and TNF-alpha. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19: 213-25.
1
2.Kehe K, Szinicz L. Medical aspects of sulphur mustard poisoning. Toxicol 2005; 14: 198-209.
2
3.Wormser U, Brodsky B, Proscura E, Foley JF, Jones T, Nyska A. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor- alpha in sulfur mustard-induced skin lesion, effect of topical iodine. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79: 660-70.
3
4.Elsayed NM, Omaye ST. Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobuthyl sulfide. Toxicol 2004; 199: 195-206.
4
5.Mirsadraee M, Attaran D, Boskabady MH, Towhidi M. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in chemical warfare victims. Respiration 2005; 72: 523 -528.
5
6.Mahmoudi M, Hefazi M, Rastin M, Balali M. Long-term hematological and immunological complications of sulfur mustard poisoning in Iranian veterans. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5: 1479-85.
6
7.Naraghi ZS, Mansouri P, Mortazavi MA. Clinicopathological syudy on acute cutaneous lesions induced by sulfur mustard gas yperite. Eur J Dermatol 2005; 15: 140-5.
7
8.Iyriboz Y. A recent exposure to mustard gas in the United States: clinical findings of a cohort (n=247) 6 years after exposure. Med Gen Med 2004; 6: 4.
8
9.Ghanei M, Rajaee M, Khateri S, Alaeddini F, Haines D. Assessment of fertility among mustard-exposed residents of Sardasht, Iran: a historical cohort study. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18: 635-9.
9
10.Aghanouri R, Ghanei M, Aslani J, Keivani-Amine H, Rastegar F, Karkhane A. Fibrogenic cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage aspirates 15 years after exposure to sulfur mustard. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287: L1160-4.
10
11.Security Council of the United Nations Document. Reports of Specialists Appointed by the Secretary General to Investigate Allegations by the Islamic Republic of Iran Concerning the Use of Chemical Weapons. New York: 1986; S/16433.
11
12.Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 1136-43.
12
13.Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M. The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005; 19: 297-315.
13
14.Ghanei M, Mokhtari M, Mohammad MM, Aslani J. Bronchiolitis obliterans following exposure to sulfur mustard: chest high resolution computed tomography. Eur J Radiol 2004; 52: 164-9.
14
15.Wormser U, Langenbach R, Peddada S, Sintov A, Brodsky B, Nyska A. Reduced sulfur mustard-induced skin toxicity in cyclooxygenase-2 knockout and celecoxib-treated mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 200: 40-7.
15
16.Zang H, Gates KS. Sequence specificity of DNA alkylation by the antitumor natural product leinamycin. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16: 1539-46.
16
17.Ghanei M. Delayed haematological complications of mustard gas. J Appl Toxicol 2004; 24: 493-5.
17
18.Takeshima Y, Inai K, Bennett WP, Metcalf RA, Welsh JA, Yonehara S, et al. P53 mutation in lung cancers from Japanese mustard gas workers. Carcinigenesis 1994; 15: 2075-2079.
18
19.Biramijamal F, Allameh A, Mirbod P, Groene HJ, Koomagi R, Hollstein M. Unusual profile and high prevalence of p53 mutations in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas from northern Iran. Cancer Research 2001; 61: 3119-3123.
19
20.Beheshti J, Mark EJ, Akbari H, Aslani J, Ghanei M. Mustard lung secrets long term clinicopathological study following mustard gas exposure. Pathol Res Pract 2006; 202: 739-744.
20
21.Mukhopadhyay S, Rajaratnam V, Mukherjee S, Smith, M, Das SK. Modulation of the expression of superoxide dismutase gene in lung injury by 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard analog. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006; 2: 142-149.
21
22.Han S, Espinoza LA, Liao H, Boulares AH, Smulson ME. Protection by antioxidants against toxicity and apoptosis induced by the sulphur mustard analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in Jurkat T cells and normal human lymphocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141: 795-802.
22
23.Seiler F, Rehn B, Rehn S, Hermann M, Bruch, J. Quartz exposure of the rat lung leads to a linear dose response in inflammation but not in oxidative DNA damage and mutagenicity. Am J Repir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24: 492-498.
23
24.Dillman JF, Phillips CS, Dorsch LM, Croxton MD, Hege AI, Sylvester AJ, et al. Genome analysis of rodent pulmonary tissue following bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18: 28-34.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Role of Caspases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Rose Bengal-Induced Toxicity in Melanoma Cells
Objective
We have previously shown that Rose Bengal (RB) alone, not as a photosensitiser, could induce apoptotic- and non-apoptotic cell death in different melanoma cell lines. To clarify RB-induced toxicity mechanisms, role of caspases and reactive oxygen specious (ROS) were studied in melanoma cells.
Material and Methods
Human melanoma cell lines, Me 4405 and Sk-Mel-28 were cultured in DMEM medium. Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were determined using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). Role of caspase were studied using the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. ROS was measured using DCF-DA by flow cytometry analysis.
Results
This study showed that whilez-VAD-fmk completely inhibited apoptosis of melanoma inducedby tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL), it only partiallyblocked RB-induced apoptosis in Me4405 and Sk-Mel-28 melanoma cell lines. RB also increased ROS production in melanoma cells but pretreatment with antioxidant -glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) could not decrease RB-induced toxicity.
Conclusion
Both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways were inducedby RB in melanoma cells. RB-induced generation of ROS does not playa significant role in RB-induced toxicity and it is independent of ROS production in melanoma cells.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5278_ec6c1e9b84910909b2aeec6784244544.pdf
2007-04-01
118
123
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5278
Melanoma
Rose Bengal
Caspases
ROS
S. H.
Mousavi
h-mousavi@mums.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
P.
Hersey
2
Professor of Immunology and Oncology, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
AUTHOR
1. Hersey P., Zhang X.D., 2003, Overcoming resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 196:9-18.
1
2. Soengas M.S., Lowe S.W., 2003, Apoptosis and melanoma chemoresistance. Oncogene. 19:3138-51.
2
3. Mousavi S.H., Zhang X. D., Sharifi A.M., Hersey P., 2006, Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. In Press
3
4. Zhang X.D., Franco A.,et al., 1999, Relation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor and FLICE-inhibitory protein expression to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of melanoma. Cancer Res. 1; 2747–53.
4
5. Zhang X.D., Gillespie S.K., Hersey P., 2004, Staurosporine induces apoptosis of melanoma by both caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways. Mol Cancer Ther. 3: 187-97.
5
6. Ashkenazi A., Dixit V.M., 1998, Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science, 281:1305–8.
6
7. Green D.R., Reed J.C., 1998, Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science, 281:1309–12.
7
8. Scorrano L., Oakes S.A., Opferman JT, et al. 2003, BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+. A control point for apoptosis. Science, 300:135–9.
8
9. Cryns V., Yuan J. 1998, Proteases to die for. Genes Dev, 12:1551–70.
9
10. Thornberry N.A., Lazebnik Y. 1998, Caspases: enemies within. Science, 281:1312–6.
10
11. Daugas E., Susin S.A, Zamzami N., et al. 2009, Mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis. FASEB J, 14:729–39.
11
12. Xue L.Y., Chiu S.M., Oleinick N.L., 2003, Staurosporine-induced death of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: distinction between caspase-3-dependent steps of apoptosis and the critical lethal lesions. Exp Cell Res, 283:135–45.
12
13. Rosato R.R., Almenara J.A., Grant S., 2003, The histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 promotes differentiation or apoptosis in human leukemia cells through a process regulated by generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of p21CIP1/WAF1 1. Cancer Res, 63:3637– 45.
13
14. Valencia A., Moran J., 2004, Reactive oxygen species induce different cell death mechanisms in cultured neurons. Free Radic Biol Med. 1; 36:1112-25.
14
15. Wallach-Dayan S.B., Izbicki G., Cohen P.Y., Gerstl-Golan R., Fine A., Breuer R., 2005, Bleomycin initiates apoptosis of lung epithelial cells by ROS but not by Fas/FasL pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005 23; [Epub ahead of print].
15
16. Turk V., Turk B., Turk D. 2001, Lysosomal cysteine proteases: facts and opportunities. EMBO J. 20: 4629-33.
16
17. Yan S, Sameni M, Sloane BF. 1998, Cathepsin B and human tumor progression. Biol Chem. 379:113-23.
17
18. Bursch W., 2001, the autophagosomal-lysosomal compartment in programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ. 8: 569-81.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Roughness Model for Adhesion Testing of Pharmaceutical Coating Materials
Objective Roughness is the main parameter in interlocking bonding mechanism. Yet there is no model designed to evaluate the effect of surface roughness on adhesion of coating materials in pharmaceutical sciences. Materials and Methods In this study polymethyl metacrylate spherical beads with different sizes were poured into 10 mm mold, then it was pressed by hand screw and finally heated to 141o C. The texture of the resulted surfaces of the discs was quantified and qualified for roughness using Surface Texture Measurement Instrum Model Sarcum110 and SEM, respectively. Solutions of Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC E15) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP K90) were used as binding agents. After conditioning, shear testing technique was carried out for bond strength evaluation using calibrated shear cell bar. Results The resulted bond strengths were in the rank order of decreasing particle size and HPMC E15 resulted in higher bond strength. Conclusion It could be concluded that this model of roughness, which is easy to prepare, is suitable for studying adhesion of pharmaceutical binders.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5279_05dfe7f9c50ba826ebc1531b3d788f8d.pdf
2007-04-01
124
131
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5279
Adhesion
Adhesive
Binder
Coating materials
Polymethl methacrylate (PMMA)
Roughness
H.
Orafai
hosseinorafai@yahoo.co.uk
1
Department of Pharmaceutics,school of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, mashhad, IRAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Spring
2
Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
AUTHOR
1.Healy A.M., Corrigan O.I., Allan JEM., 1995, the effect of dissolution on the surface texture of model solid-dosage forms as assessed by non-contact laser profilometry. Pharm. Technol. Eur., 9:14-22.
1
2.Podczeck F., 1998, Measurement of surface roughness of tablets made from polyethylene glycol powders of various molecular weights. Pharm. Pharmacol. Commun, 4:179-182.
2
3.Riippi M., Antikainen O., Niskanen T., Yliruusi J., 1998, The effect of compression force on surface structure, crushing strength, friability and disintegration time of erythromycin acistrate tablets. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 46:339-345.
3
4.Ohmori S., Ohno Y., Makino T., Kashihara T. ,2004, Improvement of impact toughness of sugar-coated tablets manufactured by dusting method. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). , 52: 322-328.
4
5.Felton L, McGinity J.W., 1999, Adhesion of polymeric films to pharmaceutical solids. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. , 47:3-14.
5
6.Missaghi S., Fassihi R.., 2004, A novel approach in the assessment of polymeric film formation and film adhesion on different pharmaceutical solid substrates. AAPS Pharm.Sci.Tech. 5:E29.
6
7.Reiland T.L, Eber A.C., 1986, Aqueous gloss solutions: formula and process. Variables effects on the surface texture of film coated tablets. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 12:231-245.
7
8.Rohera B.D., Parikh N.H., 2002, Influence of plasticizer type and coat level on Surelease film properties, Pharm Dev. Technol., 7:407-420.
8
9. Jenning, C.W., 1972, Surface roughness and bond strength of adhesives, J. Adhesion, 4:25-38.
9
10.Rowe, R.C., 1979, surface roughness measurement on both uncoated and film coated tablets, J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 31:473-474.
10
11.Podczeck F., Newton J.M.1995, Evaluation of three dimensional shape factors for the quantitative assessment of sphericity and surface roughness of pellets, Int. J.Pharm., 124:253-259.
11
12.Podczeck F., 1998, Measurement of roughness of tablet made from polyethylene glycol powders of various molecular weights, J.Pharm.Pharmacol.Comm.4:179-182.
12
13.Li T.,Park K.,1998,Fractal analysis of pharmaceutical particles by atomic force microscopy, Pharm.Res.,15:1222-1232.
13
14.Smith P.,Smith R.,Grist, A.W., Smart N.,et al., 2000,Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of bioadhesive polymer adsorption on to human buccal cells, Int J.Pharm.,271-277.
14
15.Heng P.W., Chan L.W., Lim L.T., 2000,Quantification of the surface morphologies of lactose and their effect on the in vitro deposition of salbutamol sulfate, Chem.Pharm.Bull.48:393-398.
15
16.Silvennoinen R.,Peiponen K.E.,Hyvarinen V.,Raatikainen P.,Paronen,P.,1999, Int.J.Pharm.,48:213-220.
16
17.Nadkarni P.D.,Kildsik D.O.,Kramer P.A.,Banker G.S.1975,Effect of Surface Roughness and Solvent on Film Adhesion to Tablets, J.Pharm.Sci.,64:1554-1557.
17
18.Windholz,M.,The Merck Index,9th ed.,pub.,Merck & Co.INC, Rahway, U.S.A., misc, 1976,71.
18
19.Orafai H.,Spring M.,1996,Adhesion of pharmaceutical binding agents, Daru , 6:648-53.
19
20.Lungtana-anan M., Fell J.T., 1987, Surface energy determination on powders, Powder Tech., 52:215-218.
20
21.Kinloch A.J., 1980, The science of adhesion, surface and interface aspects, J.Mater.Sci. 15: 2141-2166.
21
22.Newitt D.M.,Conway-Jones J.H.,1958,Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineering, 36:422.
22
23.Fisher S.G.,Rowe R.C.,1976,The adhesion of film coating to tablet surfaces : instrumentation and preliminary evalution,J.Pharm.Pharmacol.,28:886-889.
23
24.Rowe R.C., 1977, the adhesion of film coating to tablet surfaces: the effect of some direct compression excipients and lubricants, J.Pharm.Pharmacol, 29:723-727.
24
25.Rowe, R.C., 1978, the measurement of the adhesion of film coating to tablet surfaces: the effect of tablet porosity, surface roughness and film thickness,J.Pharm.Pharmacol, 30:343-346.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quantification Analysis of Dot Blot Assays for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and 2 Antibodies
Objective
Dot Blot (DB) assay provides highly specific results, but usually not reliable for quantification of antibody production. The need for a more objective DB assay to provide a better definition of the immune status, against HIV antigens, promoted this study to be done to develop a quantitative DB assay.
Material and Methods
Dot blot (DB) strips for antibodies directed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and 2 were analyzed by a video densitometer. This method was used to quantify the antibody response to different HIV proteins in infected patients. In order to increase reproducibility, reagents and protocols were accurately standardized and internal controls were added. In the first format, an internal control band consisting of Human IgG was added to each dot to minimize the effects of band intensity variation. In the second format, antibody concentrations were calculated from the ratio of the densities produced by test sera and by positive and negative standard sera.
Results
The sera under scrutiny were also examined by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the obtained results were compared with those of the corresponding DB. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the results obtained with the two methods, and this was especially evident when ELISA titers were compared to corrected DB values (p = 0.001).
Conclusion
Densitometric analysis of DB assays led to quantify the antibodies against HIV-1 and 2 Gag and Env proteins and might be useful to investigate possible humoral immune correlates of production in HIV vaccine studies and antibody production in the early phase of infection.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5280_af22adff21f5e2f1d435941460e79f53.pdf
2007-04-01
132
138
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5280
Densitometric Analysis
Dot Blot assay
Human immunodeficiency virus
M.
Ravanshad
ravanshad@modares.ac.ir
1
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
F.
Sabahi
2
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
F.
Mahboudi
3
Biotechnology Research Center, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1.Allain, J.-P., Y. Laurian, D. A. Paul, F. Verroust, M. Leuther, C. Gazengel, D. Senn, M.-J. Larrieu, and C. Bosser. Longterm evaluation of HIV antigen and antibodies to p24 and gp4l in patients with hemophilia. (1987) N. Engl. J. Med. 317:1114-1121.
1
2.Chen J, Wang L, Chen JJ, Sahu GK, Tyring S, Ramsey K, Indrikovs AJ, Petersen JR, Paar D, Cloyd MW. Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that recognize conformational epitopes of glycoproteins 160 and 41 often allows for early diagnosis of HIV infection. (2002) J Infect Dis. 1; 186(3):321-31.
2
3. Kiptoo MK, Mpoke SS, Ng'ang'a ZW. New indirect immunofluorescence assay as a confirmatory test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (2004) East Afr Med J; 81(5):222-5.
3
4.Consortium for Retrovirus Serology Standardization. Serologic diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection by Western blot testing. (1998) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 260:674-679.
4
5.Cooper, D. A., J. Gold, P. Maclean, B. Donovan, R. Finlayson, T. G. Barnes, H. M. Michelmore, P. Brooke, and R. Penny. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. (1985) Lancet i: 537-540.
5
6.Ravanshad M, Sabahi F, Mahboudi F, Kazemnejad A. Evaluation of a new dot blot assay for confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 infections using recombinant p24, gp41, gp120 and gp36 antigens. (2006) Saudi Med J.; 27(1):31-6.
6
7.Frosner, G. G., V. Erfle, W. Mellert, and R. Hehlmann. Diagnostic significance of quantitative determination of HIV antibody specific for envelope and core protein. (1997) Lancet i: 159-160.
7
8.Goudsmit, J., J. M. A. Lange, D. A. Paul, and G. J. Dawson. Antigenemia and antibody titers to core and envelope antigens in AIDS, AIDS-related complex, and subclinical human immunodeficiency virus infection. (1987) J. Infect. Dis. 155:558-560.
8
9.Hofbauer, J. M., T. F. Schulz, P. Hengster, C. Larcher, R. Zangerle, H. Kofler, P. Fritsch, H. Wachter, and M. P. Dierich. Comparison of Western blot based on recombinant-derived p4l with conventional tests for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections. (1988) J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:116-120.
9
10.Hogervorst E., Jurriaans S., de Wolf, F., van Wijk, A., Wiersma, A., Valk, M., Roos, M., van Gemen, G.B., Coutinho, R., Miedema, F., Predictors for non- and slow-progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection: low viral RNA copy numbers in serum and maintenance of high HIV-1 p24-specific but not V3-specific antibody levels. (1995) J. Infect. Dis. 171, 811-821.
10
11.Lange, J., Goudsmit, J., Decline of antibody reactivity to HIV core protein secondary to increase production of HIV antigen. (1997) Lancet i, 448-449.
11
12.Mayer, K. H., L. A. Falk, D. A. Paul, G. J. Dawson, A. M. Stoddard, J. McCusker, S. P. Saltzmann, M. W. Moon, R. Ferriani, and J. E. Groopman. Correlation of recombinant antigen and antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with subsequent clinical outcomes in a cohort of asymptomatic homosexual males. (1997) Am. J. Med. 83:208-212.
12
13.Ranki, A., E. Johansson, and K. Krohn. Interpretation of antibodies reacting solely with human retroviral core proteins. (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. 318:448-449.
13
14.Yerly S, Simon F, Perrin L. Early diagnosis of primary HIV infections: using a combined screening test (p24 antigen and anti-HIV antibodies) (1999) Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 27; 129(8):319-22.
14
15.Schmidit, G., Amiraian, K., Frey, H., Stevens, R.W., Berns, D.S., Analysis of Western blot assays for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies and correlation with clinical status. (1997) J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 1993-1998.
15
16.Shatzman, A., and M. Rosenberg. Expression, identification, and characterization of recombinant gene products in Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. (1997) 152:661-673.
16
17.Strathdee, S.A., Frank, J.W., McLaughlin, J., Leblanc, M., Major, C., O’Shaughnessy, M.V., Read, S.E., Quantitative measure of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies predicts progression to AIDS. (1995) J. Infect. Dis. 172, 1375-1379.
17
18.Ng VL, Chiang CS, Debouck C, McGrath MS, Grove TH, Mills J. Reliable confirmation of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with an enzyme-linked immunoassay using recombinant antigens derived from the HIV-1 gag, pol, and env genes. (1989) J Clin Microbiol.; 27(5):977-82.
18
19.Lawoko A, Johansson B, Rabinayaran D, Pipkorn R, Blomberg J. Increased immunoglobulin G, but not M, binding to endogenous retroviral antigens in HIV-1 infected persons. (2000) J Med Virol.; 62(4):435-44.
19
20.Saville RD, Constantine NT, Cleghorn FR, Jack N, Bartholomew C, Edwards J, Gomez P, Blattner WA. Fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody. (2001) J Clin Microbiol.; 39(7):2518-24.
20
21.Mahboudi F, Irina NA, Chevalier A, Ghadiri A, Adeli A, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Barkhordari F, Farzamfar B, Alinejad M. A serological screening assay of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies based on recombinant protein p24-gp41 as a fusion protein expressed in Escherichia (2006), J Biotechnol. 1; 125(2):295-303.
21
22.Van Der Poel, C. L., H. W. Reesink, T. Tersmette, P. N. Lelie, H. Huisman, and F. Miedema. Blood donations reactive to HIV in Western blot, but non-infective in culture and recipients of blood. (1996) Lancet ii: 752-753.
22
23.Weiss, S. H., J. J. Goeert, M. G. Sarngadharan, A. J. Bodner, The AIDS Seroepidemiology Collaborative Working Group, R. C. Gallo, and W. A. Blattner. Screening test for HTLV-II (AIDS agent) antibodies. (1985) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 253:221-225.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
HER-2/neu Gene Overexpression in Resectable Gastric Cancer and its Relationship with Histopathologic Subtype, Grade, and Stage
Objective HER-2/neu gene is overexpressed in diverse human cancers and studies suggest a role of its product – p185 protein – in tumor progression by specifically promoting the invasive capacity of tumor cells. Our aim was to evaluate HER-2/neu content in resectable gastric cancer in this geographical region and assess the relationship between p185 expression and clinicopathologic tumor parameters. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 100 specimens from 100 patients with resectable gastric carcinoma. Indirect immunostaining was used to evaluate the expression of this receptor in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Results HER-2/neu overexpression was present in 26 (26%) of 100 gastric carcinomas. This was significantly more common in the intestinal type of gastric cancer (33%) compared to diffuse (5%) or the mixed type (0%). HER-2/neu overexpression was also more common in well-differentiated gastric cancer versus other grades as. However, it was not associated with gender, age at diagnosis or clinical stage. Conclusion HER-2/neu amplification is common in the intestinal and well-differentiated gastric carcinomas. There is no correlation between HER-2/neu expression and tumor stage. The relatively high percentage of HER-2/neu positive tumors may provide a useful target for immunotherapy of these cancers.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5281_5949ab436cd1c508880f5625b93bce49.pdf
2007-04-01
139
145
10.22038/ijbms.2007.5281
Gastric cancer
Her-2/neu
Grade
Lauren's classification Immunohistochemistry
H.R.
Raziee
razieehr@mums.ac.ir
1
Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Research Center, Omid Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Taghizadeh Kermani
2
Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Research Center, Omid Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
K.
Ghaffarzadegan
3
Pathology Department, Cancer Research Center, Omid Hospital, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Taghi Shakeri
4
Biostatistics Department, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
M.R.
Ghavamnasiri
5
Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Research Center, Omid Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Press MF, Cordon-Cardo C and Slamon DJ: Expression of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in normal human adult and fetal tissue. Oncogene 5: 953-962, 1990.
1
2.Yamamoto T, Ikawa S, Akiyama T, et al: Similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erbB-2 gene to epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 319:230-236, 1986
2
3.Bongiorno PF, Whyte RI, Lesser EJ, et al: Alterations of K-ras, p53, and erbB-2/neu in human lung adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:590-595, 1994
3
4. Mitra AB, Murty VVS, Pratap M, et al: ERBB2 (HER-2/neu) oncogene is frequently amplified in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer Res 54:637-639, 1994
4
5. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, et al: Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/ neu oncogene. Science 235:177-182, 1987
5
6. Beckhardt RN, Kiyokawa N, Liu TJ, et al: Neu oncogene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:153, 1994
6
7. Hynes N, Stern D: The biology of erbB-2/neu/HER-2 and its role in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1198:165-184, 1994
7
8. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, et al: Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/ neu oncogene. Science 235:177-182, 1987
8
9. Guerin M, Gabillot M, Mathieu MC, et al: Structure and expression of c-erbB-2 and EGF receptor genes in inflammatory and non-inflammatory breast cancer: Prognostic significance. Int J Cancer 43:201-208, 1989
9
10. Van de Vijiver MJ, Peterse JL, Mooi WJ, et al: Neu protein overexpression in breast cancer: Association with comedo type-ductal carcinoma in situ and limited prognostic value in stage II breast cancer. N Engl J Med 319:1239-1245, 1988
10
11. Berger MS, Locher GW, Sauer S, et al: Correlation of c-erbB-2 gene amplification and protein expression in human breast carcinoma with nodal status and nuclear grading. Cancer Res 48:1238-1243, 1988
11
12. Paik S, Bryant J, Tan-Chiu E, Yothers G, Park C, Wickerham DL and Wolmark N: HER2 and choice of adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-15. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1991-1998, 2000.
12
13. Fornier M, Risio M, van Poznak C and Seidman A: HER2 testing and correlation with the efficacy of trastuzumab therapy. Oncology 16: 1340-1352, 2002.
13
14.Allgayer H, Babic R, Gruetzner UG, Tarabichi A, Schildberg FW and Heiss MA: C-erbB-2 is of independent prognostic relevance in gastric cancer and is associated with the expression of tumor-associated protease system. J Clin Oncol 18: 2201-2209,2000.
14
15.Ross JS, McKenna B. The HER-2/neu oncogene in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Invest 2001; 19: 554–568.
15
16. M. Tanner, M. Hollmen. Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with Topoisomerase IIa gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab Annals of Oncology 16: 273–278, 2005
16
17. Lin JT, Wu MS, Shun CT et al. Occurrence of microsatellite instability in gastric carcinoma is associated with enhanced expression of erbB-2 oncoprotein. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1428–1430.
17
18. Wu MS, Shun CT, Wang HP et al. Genetic alterations in gastric cancer: relation to histological subtypes, tumor stage, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1457–1465.
18
19. Polkowski W, van Sandick JW, Offerhaus GL et al. Prognostic value of Lauren’s classification and c-erbB-2 oncogene overexpression in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6: 290–297.
19
20. Berx G, Becker KF, Hofler H, van Roy F. Mutations of the human E-cadherin (CDH1) gene. Hum Mutat 1998; 12: 226–237.
20
21. Motojima K, Furui J, Kohara N, et al: erbB-2 expression in welldifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach predicts shorter survival after curative resection. Surgery 115:349-354, 1994.
21
22. Shimada E, Kato M, Saito Y: Immunohistochemical study of the c-erbB-2 protein in human gastric carcinoma. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 94: 33-40, 1993.
22
23. Motojima K, Furui J, Kohara N, Izawa K, Kanematsu T and Shiku H: erbB-2 expression in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach predicts shorter survival after curative resection. Surgery 115: 349-354, 1994.
23
24. Soto T, Abe K, Kurose A, Uesugi N, Todoroki T and Sasaki K: Amplification of the c-erbB-2 gene detected by FISH in gastric cancers. Pathol Int 47: 179-182, 1997.
24
25. Martin IG, Dixon MF, Sue-Ling H, Axon AT and Johnston D: Goseki histological grading of gastric cancer is an important predictor of outcome. Gut 35: 758-763, 1994.
25
26. Pegram MD, Finn RS, Arzoo K et al. The effect of Her-2/neu overexpression
26
on chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity in human breast and ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 1997; 15: 537–547.
27
27. Pegram M, Hsu S, Lewis G et al. Inhibitory effects of combinations of HER-2/neu antibody and chemotherapeutic agents used for treatment of human breast cancers. Oncogene 1999; 18: 2241–2251.
28
28. Normanno N, Campiglio M, De LA et al. Cooperative inhibitory effect of ZD1839 (Iressa) in combination with trastuzumab (Herceptin) on human breast cancer cell growth. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 89.
29
29. Funato T, Kozawa K, Fujimaki S, Miura T, Kaku M. Increased sensitivity to cisplatin in gastric cancer by antisense inhibition of the HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) gene. Chemotherapy 2001;47:297–303.
30