Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Women with hereditary breast cancer predispositions should avoid using their smartphones, tablets and laptops at night1121151006710.22038/ijbms.2018.27711.6751ENSeyed Ali Reza MortazaviSchool of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranSeyed Mohammad Javad MortazaviDepartment of Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA0000-0003-0139-2774Journal Article20171117Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, both in the developed and developing countries. Women with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Recent studies show that short-wavelength visible light disturb the secretion of melatonin and causes circadian rhythm disruption. We have previously studied the health effects of exposure to different levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) such as mobile phones, mobile base stations, mobile phone jammers, laptop computers, and radars. Moreover, over the past several years, we investigated the health effects of exposure to the short wavelength visible light in the blue region emitted from digital screens. The reduction of melatonin secretion after exposure to blue light emitted from smartphone’s screen has been reported to be associated with the negative impact of smartphone use at night on sleep. We have shown that both the blue light and RF-EMFs generated by mobile phones are linked to the disruption of the circadian rhythm in people who use their phones at night. Therefore, if women with hereditary breast cancer predispositions use their smartphones, tablets and laptops at night, disrupted circadian rhythms (suppression of melatonin caused by exposure to blue light emitted from the digital screens), amplifies the risk of breast cancer. It can be concluded that women who carry mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2, or women with family history of breast cancer should avoid using their smartphones, tablets and laptops at night. Using sunglasses with amber lenses, or smartphone applications which decrease the users’ exposure to blue light before sleep, at least to some extent, can decrease the risk of circadian rhythm disruption and breast cancer.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Potential of polymeric particles as future vaccine delivery systems/adjuvants for parenteral and non-parenteral immunization against tuberculosis: A systematic review116123999810.22038/ijbms.2017.22059.5648ENFarzad KhademiDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranAntimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMohammad DerakhshanAntimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-8416-3792Arshid Yousefi-AvarvandAntimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMohsen TafaghodiNanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-8286-0973Journal Article20170216<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Production of effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is necessity. However, the development of new subunit vaccines is faced with concerns about their weak immunogenicity. To overcome such problems, polymers-based vaccine delivery systems have been proposed to be used via various routes. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of polymeric particles as future vaccine delivery systems/adjuvants for parenteral and non-parenteral immunization against TB.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>PubMed, Scopus, Science-Direct, and the ISI web of knowledge databases were searched for related keywords. A total of 420 articles, written up to June 25, 2016, were collected on the potential of polymeric particles as TB vaccine delivery systems after parenteral and non-parenteral immunization. Thirty-one relevant articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> It was shown that the immunogenicity of TB vaccines had been improved by using biodegradable and non-biodegradable synthetic polymers as well as natural polymers and they are better able to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses, compared to TB vaccines alone. The present study revealed that various polymeric particles, after <em>M. tuberculosis</em> challenge in animal models, provide long-lasting protection against TB. PLGA (poly (lactide-co-glycolide)) and chitosan polymers were widely used as TB vaccine delivery systems/adjuvants.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> It seems that PLGA and chitosan polymers are well-suited particles for the parenteral and non-parenteral administration of TB vaccines, respectively. Non-biodegradable synthetic polymers in comparison with biodegradable synthetic and natural polymers have been used less frequently. Therefore, further study on this category of polymers is required.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Administration of melatonin protects against acetylsalicylic acid-induced impairment of male reproductive function in mice124129996310.22038/ijbms.2017.23833.5989ENNiloufar Hedayati EmamiStudent Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht-IranFarzaneh Mahmoudi LafoutAnatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht-IranFahimeh MohammadghasemiCellular & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht-Iran0000-0002-7627-9787Journal Article20170525<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Melatonin, an important hormone secreted by the epiphysis, is a powerful anti-oxidant with a high potential to neutralize medical toxins. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the beneficial effect of melatonin on epididymal sperm and reproductive parameters in mice treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Male adult mice were divided into four treatment groups: control, ASA, melatonin, and ASA+melatonin. Mice were administered ASA (50 mg/kg, orally) and/or melatonin (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), or vehicle control, for 14 days. Sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were evaluated to assess fertility. A colorimetric assay was used to measure serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC). A sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was used to assess sperm chromatin integrity. Sex hormone levels were measured by ELISA.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Compared to the control group, ASA treatment resulted in a significant decrease in sperm parameters <em>(P</em><0.05), as well as a decrease in the integrity of sperm chromatin (<em>P</em><0.01). ASA treatment also reduced serum testosterone and TAC levels (<em>P</em><0.05). Co-administration of melatonin with ASA significantly improved epididymal sperm parameters and increased serum testosterone and TAC levels compared to the ASA-treated group. LH level was not different in the combined treatment group compared to control or ASA treatment.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Short-term administration of ASA (50 mg/kg) has adverse effects on male reproductive function in mice. Co-administration of melatonin protects against ASA-induced impairment of male reproductive function by preventing the reduction in serum TAC and testosterone levels seen with ASA treatment alone.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Hypericin-photodynamic therapy inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes cell line MH7A1301371006410.22038/ijbms.2018.23871.5991ENKun ZhangDepartment of Orthopedics, No. 91 Central hospital of Liberation Army, Jiaozuo 454150, Henan province, ChinaShan GaoFaculty of Graduate Studies, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, ChinaJiayi GuoDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaGuohua NiDepartment of Orthopedics, No. 91 Central hospital of Liberation Army, Jiaozuo 454150, Henan province, ChinaZhe ChenDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaFeng LiDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaXiaolei ZhuDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaYongbing WenDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaYanxing GuoDepartment of Orthopedics, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, ChinaJournal Article20170527<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: To elucidate the effects and potential mechanisms of hypericin-photodynamic therapy (HYP-PDT) for treating the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) MH7A cell-line.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>MH7A cells were subjected to HYP-PDT intervention and apoptosis was evaluated via MTT, nuclear staining, and flowcytometry analyses. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured with the fluorescent probe 2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). To verify the effects of HYP on apoptotic and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways, caspase-8, 9, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB p65, NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα protein expressions were quantified with western blot. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assay NF-κB p65 mRNA.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> HYP-PDT inhibited MH7A cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, intracellular ROS levels increased significantly after HYP-PDT treatment. Furthermore, the expression of cleaved caspase-9 and PARP was increased by HYP-PDT treatment, with a concurrent decline in NF-κB.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> HYP-PDT induces apoptosis in MH7A cells, at least partially, via generation of ROS, regulation of the apoptotic pathway and suppression of the NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that HYP-PDT may be a potential treatment for RA.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Minocycline through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response reduces the neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic constriction injury138144999910.22038/ijbms.2017.24248.6053ENAbolfazl AbbaszadehDepartment of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranSaeideh Darabi2Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranAmin Hasanvand2Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran0000-0003-0837-7542Hossein Amini-KhoyiMedical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran0000-0002-5029-9632Amir AbbasnezhadNutritional Health Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran0000-0002-9436-7334Razieh ChoghakhoriNutritional Health Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran0000-0001-7587-5264Asghar AaliehpourDepartment of Pathology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IranJournal Article20170612<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Several lines of evidence showed that minocycline possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of minocycline in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI).<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods:</em></strong> In this study four groups (n = 6–8) of rats were used as follows: Sham, CCI, CCI + minocycline (MIN) 10 mg/Kg (IP) and CCI + MIN 30 mg/Kg (IP). On days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-surgery hot-plate, acetone, and von Frey tests were carried out. Finally, Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity Evaluation (MNCV) assessment was performed and spinal cords were harvested in order to measure tissue concentrations of TNF_α, IL-1β, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Extent of perineural inflammation and damage around the sciatic nerve was histopathologically evaluated.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Our results demonstrated that CCI significantly caused hyperalgesia and allodynia twenty-one days after CCI. MIN attenuated heat hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia and MNCV in animals. MIN also decreased the levels of TNF_α and IL-1β. Antioxidative enzymes (SOD, MDA, and GPx) were restored following MIN treatment. Our findings showed that MIN decreased perineural inflammation around the sciatic nerve. According to the results, the neuropathic pain reduced in the CCI hyperalgesia model using 30 mg/kg of minocycline.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> It is suggested that antinociceptive effects of minocycline might be mediated through the inhibition of inflammatory response and attenuation of oxidative stress.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201In vivo activity assessment of some Tanacetum species used as traditional wound healer along with identification of the phytochemical profile by a new validated HPLC method1451521006510.22038/ijbms.2018.24258.6055ENSerkan OZBİLGİNDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, TurkeyEsra KüpeliAkkolDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey0000-0002-5829-7869Burcin ERGENE OZDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, TurkeyMert İLHANDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, TurkeyGulcin SALTANDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, TurkeyOzlem BAHADIR ACIKARADepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, TurkeyMehmet TekinDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030, Edirne, TurkeyHikmet KELEŞDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkeyİpek SUNTARDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, TurkeyJournal Article20170612<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: <em>Tanacetum </em>species are traditionally used as insecticide, and externally wound healer as well as for anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic properties. The <em>in vivo</em> wound-healing and anti-inflammatory potential of four <em>Tanacetum </em>species, <em>Tanacetum argenteum </em>(Lam.) Willd. subsp. <em>argenteum </em>(TA)<em>, Tanacetum heterotomum </em>(Bornm.) Grierson (TH), <em>Tanacetum densum </em>(Lab.) Schultz Bip. subsp. <em>sivasicum </em>(TD), and <em>Tanacetum vulgare </em>L. (TV) was investigated.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The chloroform (CHCl<sub>3</sub>) and methanol:water (80:20) extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of each plant. For assessment of the wound-healing activity, linear incision on rats and circular excision on mice wound models were used and histopathological analyses were conducted on the tissues treated with the test materials. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, Whittle Method based on the inhibition of the acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability was used. In order to elucidate the phytochemical contents of the extracts, HPLC profiles of active fractions were screened and quantitative analysis was conducted within the scope of HPLC analysis.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The CHCl<sub>3 </sub>extracts of TD, TAand TVwere found to have significant wound healing activity (37.1%, 30.8% and 26.1% tensile strength; 88.05%, 72.93% and 44.88% contraction values, respectively) and anti-inflammatory activities (31.5% and 26.6% inhibition values for TDand TA). Parthenolide content of the CHCl<sub>3 </sub>extracts of TA<em>, </em>THand TV were found 242.66±1.53, 190.16±5.62 and 177.51±3.73 µg/100 mg plant material, respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> According to the results, the other secondary metabolites present in the aerial parts of the <em>Tanacetum</em> species possibly exerted synergistic effects on the observed healing of the wounds<strong>.</strong>Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Preparation and evaluation of PCL-PEG-PCL micelles as potential nanocarriers for ocular delivery of dexamethasone153164996410.22038/ijbms.2017.26590.6513ENMitra Alami-milaniDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranParvin Zakeri-milaniLiver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-3243-587XHadi ValizadehDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-4157-6279Roya SalehiDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranSchool of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranMitra JelvehgariDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20170927<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Micelles have been studied as nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for improving the topical ocular delivery of hydrophobic drugs. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize dexamethasone-loaded polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PCL-PEG-PCL) micelles to improve patient compliance and enhance the ocular bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The PCL-PEG-PCL copolymers were synthesized via the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in the presence of PEG. The resulting purified copolymers were characterized by GPC, NMR, FTIR, XRD and DSC. The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of the copolymers mentioned were determined. Dexamethasone was loaded into polymeric micelles by film hydration method, and dexamethasone-loaded micelles were characterized by TEM and DLS. Drug release kinetics and <em>ex vivo</em> corneal permeability were also determined.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The CMC of the synthetized copolymers was approximately 0.03 mg/ml. Aqueous solutions of the resulting copolymers (400 mg/ml) rapidly formed a gel <em>in situ</em> at 34 °C. The TEM results exhibited the successful formation of spherical micelles. The size of the prepared micelles was approximately 40 nm. Formulated micelles sustained the release of the incorporated dexamethasone for 5 days.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Data from <em>ex vivo</em> permeability tests indicated that PCL-PEG-PCL micelles can be suitable candidates for the ocular delivery of dexamethasone and, likely, other hydrophobic drugs.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Evaluation of Tnf-α and Il-6 mRNAs expressions in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of polycystic ovarian rats and effects of resveratrol1651741003110.22038/ijbms.2017.24801.6167ENMahnaz GhowsiDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2243-696XHomayoun KhazaliDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3231-0463Sajjad SisakhtnezhadDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20170708<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Some studies suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study assessed possible involvement of alteration in expression of two pro-inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in adipose tissues of PCOS rats in the impairment of insulin actions. Also, effects of resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory agent were investigated.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Fifteen female <em>Wistar</em> rats (21 days old) were divided into three groups (n=5): Ι) Control, П) PCO-model-saline: served as PCOS rats and to induce PCOS, received subcutaneously testosterone enanthate 1 mg/100 g body weight subcutaneously for 35 days, Ш) PCO-model-resveratrol, after receiving testosterone, received resveratrol 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 28 days. The expression of <em>Tnf-α </em>and<em> Il-6 </em>mRNAs in adipose tissues was determined by the qRT-PCR method.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The <em>Il-6</em> mRNA expression in the visceral adipose tissue of PCOS rats was increased in comparison to controls (<em>P</em><0.05). <em>Tnf-α</em> and <em>Il-6 </em>mRNA expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of polycystic ovarian rats was similar to controls. The expression of <em>Tnf-α</em> mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue and <em>Tnf-α</em> and <em>Il-6 </em>mRNAs in the visceral adipose tissue of the PCO-model-resveratrol group were lower than PCOS rats (<em>P</em><0.05).<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Increased expression of <em>Il-6</em> mRNA in the visceral adipose tissue of polycystic ovarian rats may be one cause of insulin resistance observed in them and resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic agent may decrease the risk of diabetes by reduction of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in PCOS patients.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Ascorbic acid augments colony spreading by reducing biofilm formation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus1751801006310.22038/ijbms.2018.20714.5398ENZulfiqar MiraniFMRRC, Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Karachi0000-0002-3416-6311Muhammad KhanFMRRC, Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, KarachiAnila SiddiquiFMRRC, Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Karachi0000-0002-3416-6311Fouzia KhanDow University of Medical and Health Science Karachi0000-0003-3949-1663Mubashir AzizDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology Section, BZU Multan-Pakistan0000-0002-3416-6311Shagufta NazFMRRC, Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, KarachiAyaz AhmedPCMD, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270. PakistanSeema KhanFMRRC, Microbiological Analytical Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, KarachiJournal Article20161213<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>:<em>Staphylococcus</em> <em>aureus</em> is a Gram-positive pathogen, well known for its resistance andversatile lifestyle. Under unfavourable conditions, it adapts biofilm mode of growth. For staphylococcal biofilm formation, production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) is a pre-requisite, which is regulated by <em>ica</em> operon-encoded enzymes. This study was designed to know the impact of ascorbic acid on biofilm formation and colony spreading processes of <em>S. aureus</em> and MRSA.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The isolates of methicillin-resistant <em>S. aureus</em> (MRSA) used in present study, were recovered from different food samples. Various selective and differential media were used for identification and confirmation of <em>S. aureus</em>. Agar dilution method was used for determination of oxacillin and ascorbic acid resistance level. MRSA isolates were re-confirmed by E-test and by amplification of <em>mecA</em> gene. Tube methods and Congo-Red agar were used to study biofilm formation processes. Gene expression studies were carried on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results revealed the presence of <em>mecA</em> gene belonging to SCC<em>mecA</em> type IV along with <em>agr</em> type II in the isolates. <em>In vitro</em> studies showed the sub-inhibitory concentration of oxacillin induced biofilm production. However, addition of sub-inhibitory dose of ascorbic acid was found to inhibit EPS production, biofilm formation and augment colony spreading on soft agar plates. The inhibition of biofilm formation and augmentation of colony spreading observed with ascorbic acid alone or in combination with oxacillin. Moreover, gene expression studies showed that ascorbic acid increases <em>agr</em> expression and decreases <em>icaA</em> gene expression.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong>The present study concluded thatascorbic acid inhibits biofilm formation, promotes colony spreading and increases <em>agr</em> gene expression in MRSA.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201CRISPR/Cas9, a new approach to successful knockdown of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein and reversal of chemosensitivity in human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line1811871001010.22038/ijbms.2017.25145.6230ENLeyla Norouzi-BaroughDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranMohammad Reza SarookhaniCellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranRasoul SalehiDepartment of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-4062-6166Mohammadreza SharifiDepartment of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-1538-9034Sahar MoghbelinejadDepartment of Biochemistry and Genetic, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranJournal Article20170722<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in the successful chemotherapy of ovarian cancer. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, is a well-known strategy to overcome MDR in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency and ability of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to knockdown ABCB1 gene expression in adriamycin resistant (A2780/ADR) ovarian cancer cell line and evaluate the sensitivity changes to doxorubicin.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Three single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the fourth and fifth exons of human ABCB1 gene were designed in this study. Expression level of ABCB1 was detected using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) after co-transfection of all three sgRNAs into A2780/ADR cell line and subsequent antibiotic selection. Drug sensitivity to doxorubicin was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results showed that CRISPR/Cas9 system could significantly reduce the expression of P-gp. The dramatic decline in ABCB1 gene expression was associated with increased sensitivity of cells transfected with sgRNAs to doxorubicin.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the CRISPR-based systems, used in the present study, effectively down-regulated the target gene and acted as an ideal and cost-effective tool for gene editing of A2780/ADR cell line resulting in restoration of nonmalignant phenotype.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Anti-inflammatory activity and chemical composition of Pycnocycla bashagardiana fruit’s essential oil in animal models1881931002910.22038/ijbms.2017.20860.5426ENFatemeh JahandarHerbal Medicines Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJinous AsgarpanahDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1947-4073Parvaneh NajafizadehDepartment of Pharmacology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranZahra MousaviDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6524-491XJournal Article20161221<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: <em>Pycnocycla bashagardiana</em> is an endemic species found only in Iran. Due to the presence of myristicin as the major component of the fruit’s oil we were prompted to assess the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of <em>P. bashagardiana</em> fruit’s essential oil (PBFEO).<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The analgesic activities of PBFEO (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, IP) were studied by hot-plate and formalin tests in mice. Control and standard groups received vehicle and morphine (5 mg/kg, IP), respectively. The acute anti-inflammatory effect of PBFEO (200 and 400 mg/kg, IP) were assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema method in 30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after carrageenan injection and the chronic anti-inflammatory effect of PBFEO (50 and 100 mg/kg, IP) were assessed by the cotton pellet-induced granuloma method in rats.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In hot-plate and formalin tests, the studied doses of PBFEO were not effective. However, in carrageenan test, all studied doses ofPBFEO significantly reduced the paw edema in comparison to the control animals (<em>P</em><0.05). Anti-inflammatory activity of PBFEO(200 and 400 mg/kg, <em>P</em><0.05) was found to be more than mefenamic acid (30 mg/kg). In cotton pellet-induced granuloma, PBFEO was also effective regarding the transudate and granuloma formation amount. PBFEO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 12 constituents, representing 96.0% of the oil, were identified. The major component of the oil was characterized as myristicin which might be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The results suggest that PBFEOpossesses biologically active constituents that have significant peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201S100A9 aggravates bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice via activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB pathways1942011010510.22038/ijbms.2018.19987.5255ENXue XuDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaZhiyong ChenDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaXiaoxia ZhuDivision of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaDandan WangDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaJun LiangDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaCheng ZhaoDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaXuebing FengDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaJiucun WangState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, ChinaHejian ZouDivision of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, ChinaLingyun SunDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, ChinaJournal Article20161106<em><strong>Objective(s): </strong></em>This study aims to investigate the pathogenicity and possible mechanisms of S100A9 function in mice models of scleroderma.<br /> <em><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong></em> The content of S100A9 in the skin tissues of mice with scleroderma was determined. Different concentrations of bleomycin (BLM) and S100A9 were subcutaneously injected into the backs of mice simultaneously, and then pathological changes in the skin of these mice were monitored. Specifically, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, and the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) in the skin were determined.<br /> <em><strong>Results:</strong> </em>The content of S100A9 in the skin tissues of mice with scleroderma was determined. Different concentrations of BLM and S100A9 were subcutaneously injected into the backs of mice simultaneously, and then pathological changes in the skin of these mice were monitored. Specifically, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the activation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, and the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) in the skin were determined.<br /> <em><strong>Conclusion: </strong></em>S100A9 aggravates dermal fibrosis in BLM-induced scleroderma (BIS ) mice, and its mechanisms might be mediated by RAGE, ERK1/2, and NF-κB pathway.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of novel phenanthroline derivatives: An in vivo study2022111003010.22038/ijbms.2017.24558.6106ENAzar TahghighiMalaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1221-4490Safoura KarimiMalaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranArezoo Rafie ParhizgarMalaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSedigheh ZakeriMalaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170626<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Due to the rapid increased drug resistance to Plasmodium parasites, an urgent need to achieve new antiplasmodial drugs is felt. Therefore, in this study, the new synthetic phenanthroline derivatives were synthesized with antiplasmodial activity.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>A series of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives containing amino-alcohol and amino-ether substituents were synthesized via facile procedures, starting with 5,6-epoxy-1,10-phenanthroline. Their antiplasmodial activity was then evaluated using Peter's 4-day suppressive test against <em>Plasmodium berghei</em>-infected mice (ANKA strain). Furthermore, the mean survival time of the mice treated with synthetic compounds was compared with the negative control group.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results demonstrated that the compounds 6-(3-(dibutylamino)propylamino)-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5-ol (<strong>7b</strong>) at the dose of 150 mg/kg/day and 4-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yloxy)-<em>N,N</em>-dipropylbutan-1-amine (<strong>8b</strong>) at the dose of 15 mg/kg/day have 90.58% and 88.32% suppression, respectively. All synthetic compounds prolonged the mean survival time of treated mice in comparison with negative control groups, indicating the <em>in vivo</em> antiplasmodial activity of these new compounds.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The present study is the first attempt to achieve new, effective synthetic compounds based on phenanthroline scaffold with the antiplasmodial activity. However, more research is needed to optimize their antimalarial activity.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Comparison of the efficacy of Piascledine and transforming growth factor β1 on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in fibrin and fibrin-alginate scaffolds2122181006810.22038/ijbms.2018.24693.6136ENBatul HashemibeniDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-9656-2355Ali ValianiDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMojtaba EsmaeiliDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMohamad KazemiDepartment of Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMaryam AliakbariDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranFarhad Golshan IranpourDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20170703<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>:The aim of this study was to compare the chondrogenic induction potential of Piascledine and TGF-β1 on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in fibrin and fibrin-alginate scaffolds. <br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods:</em></strong> Human subcutaneous adipose tissues were harvested from three patients who were scheduled to undergo liposuction. Isolated ADSCs were proliferated in a culture medium. Then, the cells were seeded in fibrin or fibrin-alginate scaffolds and cultured for 14 days in a chondrogenic medium containing Piascledine, TGF-β1, or both. The rate of cell proliferation and survival was evaluated by using MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and the rate of the expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, and type X collagen genes was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The MTT results showed that Piascledine is able to enhance the proliferation and survival of ADSCs in fibrin scaffolds in comparison to other groups (<em>P</em><0.05). Real-time PCR evaluation revealed that the expression of type II collagen was higher in TGF- β1groups, but the expression of aggrecan was higher in TGF-β1 alone or along with Piascledine in fibrin-alginate scaffolds. Furthermore, the expression of type X collagen was lower in Piascledine alone or along with TGF-β1 in fibrin scaffold.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Piascledine can enhance the proliferation and differentiation of ADSCs in fibrin scaffolds.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Immunogenicity of heparin-binding hemagglutinin expressed by Pichia pastoris GS115 strain2192241010710.22038/ijbms.2018.24280.6064ENXindong TengDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao, ChinaXiaoguang ChenDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao, ChinaKe ZhuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao, ChinaHefei XuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao, ChinaJournal Article20170614<strong><em>Objective(s):</em></strong> Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), a mycobacterial cell surface protein, mediates adhesion to nonphagocytic cells and the dissemination of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> (<em>M. tuberculosis</em>) from the site of primary infection. Superior expression systems are required to obtain abundant <em>M. tuberculosis</em> proteins for the purpose of diagnosing <em>M. tuberculosis</em> infection or for the immunization. Here, HBHA was expressed by <em>Pichia pastoris</em> (<em>P. p</em><em>astoris</em>) GS115 strain , and the immunogenicity of HBHA was evaluated.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong> The <em>HBHA</em> gene of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> was cloned into the pPIC9K plasmid, which was good for electroporation into<em> P. p</em><em>astoris </em>GS115 strain. Unlabeled HBHA protein was purified using a Sepharose CL-6B column, and its expression was confirmed using anti-HBHA polyclonal antibody from mouse serum. We injected C57BL/6 mice with HBHA/ dimethyldioctadecylammonium/trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate (HBHA/DDA/TDB) to investigate the immunogenicity of this potential vaccine.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results demonstrated that HBHA/DDA/TDB has the ability to induce high levels of HBHA-specific IgG antibody and its subclasses, as well as interferon-gamma, compared with injection of phosphate-buffered saline, DDA/TDB alone and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) controls (<em>P</em><0.05). Moreover, the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 of the HBHA/DDA/TDB group was higher than that of the BCG group (<em>P</em><0.05).<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> HBHA with no label has excellent immunogenicity, and is suitable for evaluating the effectiveness to prevent <em>M. tuberculosis </em>infection.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386621220180201Resveratrol decreases apoptosis and NLRP3 complex expressions in experimental varicocele rat model2252291010810.22038/ijbms.2018.21943.5625ENElnaz HajipourDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranFarideh Jalali MashayekhiDepartment of Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran0000-0002-1880-1303Ghasem MosayebiDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran0000-0003-3877-0783Maryam BaazmDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranAdib ZendedelDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Giulan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranInstitute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, GermanyJournal Article20170211<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Varicocele is an abnormal dilation in the testicular vein, which can cause hypoxia, reactive oxygen species accumulation, elevation in testicular temperature, and promote apoptosis and increase proinflammatory cytokine production. According to the varicocele pathophysiology, it is possible that a group of cytosolic receptors called nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes also involve in varicocele pathogenesis. Due to the important role of antioxidant in decreasing the testis tissue damage, in this study we investigated the protective effect of resveratrol (RES) on NLRP3 complex and apoptosis in experimental varicocele rats.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods:</em></strong> In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (8 rats in each group): Control, experimental left varicocele (ELV), ELV + ethanol, ELV + 20 mg/kg RES and ELV + 50 mg/kg RES. Varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein. Three months after varicocele induction, RESwas orally administered to rats for 1 month. The expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck-like protein (ASC), caspase-1, Bax and Bcl2 were analyzed using real time PCR.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Our results showed that RESat both doses significantly (<em>P</em>≤ 0.05) decreased the gene expression levels of ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1 and Bax and increased Bcl2 gene expression at high dose.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong>RESby reducing inflammatory factors and decreasing apoptosis might be used as adjuvant therapy to reduce varicocele complication.