ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Generation of Helper Plasmids Encoding Mutant Adeno-associated Virus Type 2 Capsid Proteins with Increased Resistance against Proteasomal Degradation
Objective(s): Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors are widely used for both experimental and clinical gene therapy. A recent research has shown that the performance of these vectors can be greatly improved by substitution of specific surface-exposed tyrosine residues with phenylalanines. In this study, a fast and simple method is presented to generate AAV2 vector helper plasmids encoding capsid proteins with single, double or triple Y→F mutations. Materials and Methods: A one-step, high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning procedure involving the use of two partially overlapping primers to amplify a circular DNA template was applied to produce AAV2 cap genes encoding VP1 mutants with Y→F substitutions in residues 444, 500 or 730. The resulting constructs were used to make the different double and triple mutant by another round of PCR (Y444500F mutant), subcloning (Y444730F and Y500730F mutants) or a combination of both techniques (Y444500730F mutant). Results: Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed successful introduction of the desired mutations in the AAV2 cap gene and showed the absence of any unintended mutations in the DNA fragments used to assemble the final set of AAV2 vector helper plasmids. The correctness of these plasmids was further confirmed by restriction mapping. Conclusion: PCR-based, single-step site-directed mutagenesis of circular DNA templates is a highly efficient and cost-effective method to generate AAV2 vector helper plasmids encoding mutant Cap proteins for the production of vector particles with increased gene transfer efficiency.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1115_66643ce38fc06017ce97645a55cdd455.pdf
2013-07-01
813
821
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1115
Gene therapy
Viral vector
Adeno-associated virus type 2
Capsid protein
Proteasomal degradation
Mutagenesis
Transduction efficiency
Naghmeh
Ahmadiankia
1
Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
AUTHOR
Vajiheh
Neshati
2
Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Neshati
3
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
AUTHOR
Jim
Swildens
4
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
AUTHOR
Antoine
AF de Vries
5
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Marks WJ JR, Bartus RT, Siffert J, Davis CS, Lozano A, Boulis N, et al. Gene delivery of AAV2-neurturin for Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:1164-1172.
1
2. Mueller C, Flotte TR. Clinical gene therapy using recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors. Gene Ther 2008; 15:858–863.
2
3. Mingozzi F, High KA. Therapeutic in vivo gene transfer for genetic disease using AAV: progress and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 2011; 12:341-355.
3
4. Markusic DM, Herzog RW, Aslanidi GV, Hoffman BE, Li B, Li M, et al. High-efficiency transduction and correction of murine hemophilia B using AAV2 vectors devoid of multiple surface-exposed tyrosines. Mol Ther 2010; 18:2048-2056.
4
5. Ding W, Zhang L, Yan Z, Engelhardt JF. Intracellular trafficking of adeno-associated viral vectors. Gene Ther 2005; 12:873-880.
5
6. Wu Z, Asokan A, Samulski RJ. Adeno-associated virus serotypes: vector toolkit for human gene therapy. Mol Ther 2006; 14:316–327.
6
7. Yan Z, Zak R, Luxton GW, Ritchie TC, Bantel-Schaal U, Engelhardt JF. Ubiquitination of both adeno-associated virus type 2 and 5 capsid proteins affects the transduction efficiency of recombinant vectors. J Virol 2002; 76:2043-2053.
7
8. Duan D, Yue Y, Yan Z, Yang J, Engelhardt JF. Endosomal processing limits gene transfer to polarized airway epithelia by adeno-associated virus. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1573-1587.
8
9. Zhong L, Zhao W, Wu J, Li B, Zolotukhin S, Govindasamy L, et al. A dual role of EGFR protein tyrosine kinase signaling in ubiquitination of AAV2 capsids and viral second-strand DNA synthesis. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1323-1330.
9
10. Zhong L, Li B, Jayandharan G, Mah CS, Govindasamy L, Agbandje-McKenna M, et al. Tyrosine-phosphorylation of AAV2 vectors and its consequences on viral intracellular trafficking and transgene expression. Virology 2008; 381:194-202.
10
11. Zhong L, Li B, Mah CS, Govindasamy L, Agbandje-McKenna M, Cooper M, et al. Next generation of adeno-associated virus 2 vectors: point mutations in tyrosines lead to high-efficiency transduction at lower doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:7827–7832.
11
12. Petrs-Silva H, Dinculescu A, Li Q, Min SH, Chiodo V, Pang JJ, et al. High-efficiency transduction of the mouse retina by tyrosine-mutant AAV serotype vectors. Mol Ther 2009; 17:463-471.
12
13. Petrs-Silva H, Dinculescu A, Li Q, Deng WT, Pang JJ, Min SH, et al. Novel properties of tyrosine-mutant AAV2 vectors in the mouse retina. Mol Ther 2011; 19:293-301.
13
14. Grimm D, Kern A, Rittner K, Kleinschmidt JA. Novel tools for production and purification of recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2745-2760.
14
15. Green MR, Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor; NY. 2012.
15
16. Liu H, Naismith JH. An efficient one-step site-directed deletion, insertion, single and multiple-site plasmid mutagenesis protocol. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:91.
16
17. Ho SN, Hunt HD, Horton RM, Pullen JK, Pease LR. Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension using the polymerase chain reaction. Gene 1989; 77:51–59.
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18. Landt O, Grunert HP, Hahn U. A general method for rapid site-directed mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction. Gene 1990; 96:125–128.
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19. Hemsley A, Arnheim N, Toney MD, Cortopassi G, Galas DJ.A simple method for site-directed mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:6545–6551.
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20. Jones DH, Winistorfer SC. Recombinant circle PCR and recombination PCR for site-specific mutagenesis without PCR product purification. Biotechniques 1992; 12:528-535.
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21. Chiu J, March PE,Lee R, Tillett D. Site-directed, ligase-independent mutagenesis (SLIM): a single-tube methodology approaching 100% efficiency in 4 hr. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:e174.
21
22. Qi D, Scholthof KB. A one-step PCR-based method for rapid and efficient site-directed fragment deletion,
22
Generation of Site-specific AAV2 Capsid Mutants Ahmadiankia et al
23
Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
24
insertion, and substitution mutagenesis. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:85-90.
25
23. Aslanidi GV, Rivers AE, Ortiz L, Govindasamy L, Ling C, Jayandharan GR, et al. High-efficiency transduction of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by capsid-modified recombinant AAV2 vectors. Vaccine 2012; 30:3908-3917.
26
24. Gabriel N, Hareendran S, Sen D, Gadkari RA, Sudha
27
G, Selot R, et al. Bioengineering of AAV2 capsid at specific serine, threonine, or lysine residues improves its transduction efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:80-93.
28
25. Aslanidi GV, Rivers AE, Ortiz L, Song L, Ling C, Govindasamy L, et al. Optimization of the capsid of recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors: the final threshold? PLoS One 2013; 8:e59142.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Gene Expression Status and Methylation Pattern in Promoter of P15INK4b and P16INK4a in Cord Blood CD34+ Stem Cells
Objective(s):
Stem cell differentiation into different cell lineages depends upon several factors, cell cycle control elements and intracellular signaling elements, including P15INK4b and P16INK4a genes. Epigenetics may be regarded as a control mechanism which is affected by these factors with respect to their promoter structure.
Materials and Methods:
The CD34 + cord blood stem cells were purified, isolated and then expanded. The undifferentiated day genome was isolated from part of the cultured cells, and the seventh day differentiated genome was isolated from the other part after differentiation to erythroid lineage. The procedure was followed by a separate Real-Time PCR for the two genes using the obtained cDNA. The processed DNA of the former stages was used for MSP (Methylation Specific PCR) reaction. Finally, pre- and post differentiation results were compared.
Results:
After performing MSP for each gene, it became clear that P15INK4b gene has undergone methylation and expression in predifferentiation stage. In addition, its status has not been changed after differentiation. P15INK4b gene expression was reduced after the differentiation. The other gene, P16INK4a, showed no predifferentiation methylation. Itwas completely expressed methylated and underwent reduced expression after differentiation.
Conclusion
: Specific predifferentiation expression of P15INK4b and P16INK4a genes along with reduction in their expression after erythroid differentiation indicated animportant role for these two genes in biology of CD34+ cells in primary stages and before differentiation. In addition, both genes are capable of epigenetic modifications due to the structure of their promoters.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1116_fb39c7733ab44ca4db3045286816801d.pdf
2013-07-01
822
828
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1116
Keywords:
Gene expression
Hematopoietic stem cells
Methylation
Tumor suppressor genes
Mehdi
Azad
1
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Kaviani
2
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Noruzinia
noruzinia@modares.ac.ir
3
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Yousef
Mortazavi
mortazaviyou@yahoo.com
4
Hematology Department, Zanjan Medical Sciences University, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Naser
Mobarra
mobarra@goums.ac.ir
5
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 7Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shaban
Alizadeh
alizadeh1982@gmail.com
6
4Department of Hematology, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shahjahani
7
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Skandari
8
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hosein
Ahmadi
9
Iranian Blood Transfusion Organizations, Medical Departmen
AUTHOR
Amir
Atashi
10
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Abroun
11
1Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Zonoubi
12
6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mahdiyeh Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Pajerowski JD, Dahl KN, Zhong FL, Sammak PJ, Discher DE. Physical plasticity of the nucleus in stem cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:15619-1524.
1
2. Zhang Y, Shen W, Sun B, Lv C, Dou Z. Plasticity of marrow mesenchymal stem cells from human first-trimester fetus: from single-cell clone to neuronal differentiation. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:57-64.
2
3 .Cui L, Johkura K, Takei S, Ogiwara N, Sasaki K. Structural differentiation, proliferation, and association of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro and in their extracardiac tissues. J Struct Biol 2007; 158:307-317.
3
4. Ivanovic Z, Duchez P, Chevaleyre J, Vlaski M, Lafarge X, Dazey B, et al. Clinical-scale cultures of cord blood CD34(+) cells to amplify committed progenitors and maintain stem cell activity. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1453-1463.
4
5. Alessandri G, Pagano S, Bez A, Benetti A, Pozzi S, Iannolo G, et al. Isolation and culture of human muscle-derived stem cells able to differentiate into myogenic and neurogenic cell lineages. Lancet 2004; 364:1872-1883.
5
6. Zhang WJ, Park C, Arentson E, Choi K. Modulation of hematopoietic and endothelial cell differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells by different culture conditions. Blood 2005; 105:111-114.
6
7. Beaudette-Zlatanova BC, Knight KL, Zhang S, Stiff PJ, Zuniga-Pflucker JC, Le PT. A human thymic epithelial cell culture system for the promotion of
7
Azad et al Methylation in P15INK4b and P16INK4a
8
Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
9
lymphopoiesis from hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:570-579.
10
8. Draper JS, Fox V. Human embryonic stem cells: multilineage differentiation and mechanisms of self-renewal. Arch Med Res 2003; 34:558-564.
11
.. Minami R, Muta K, Umemura T, Motomura S, Abe Y, Nishimura J, et al. p16(INK4a) induces differentiation and apoptosis in erythroid lineage cells. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:355-362.
12
10. Hutter G, Scheubner M, Zimmermann Y, Kalla J, Katzenberger T, Hubler K, et al. Differential effect of epigenetic alterations and genomic deletions of CDK inhibitors [p16(INK4a), p15(INK4b), p14(ARF)] in mantle cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:203-210.
13
11. Rodrigues EF, Santos-Reboucas CB, Goncalves Pimentel MM, Mencalha AL, Dobbin J, Da Costa ES, et- al. Epigenetic alterations of p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) genes in pediatric primary myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia Lymphoma 2010; 51:1887-1894.
14
12. Tian JF, Peng CH, Yu XY, Yang XJ, Yan HT. Expression and methylation analysis of p15 and p16 in mouse bone marrow cells exposed to 1,4-benzoquinone. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:718-725.
15
13. Liu J, Liu H, Zhang X, Gao P, Wang J, Hu Z. Identification and characterization of P15RS, a novel P15(INK4b) related gene on G1/S progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:880-885.
16
14. Colyer HA, Armstrong RN, Mills KI. Microarray for epigenetic changes: gene expression arrays. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 863:319-328.
17
15. Knowling S, Morris KV. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in human cells by noncoding RNAs. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2011; 102:1-10.
18
16. Bottardi S, Aumont A, Grosveld F, Milot E. Developmental stage-specific epigenetic control of human beta-globin gene expression is potentiated in hematopoietic progenitor cells prior to their transcriptional activation. Blood 2003; 102:3989-3997.
19
17. Pastinen T, Sladek R, Gurd S, Sammak A, Ge B, Lepage P, et al. A survey of genetic and epigenetic variation affecting human gene expression. Physiol Genomics 2004; 16:184-193.
20
18. Li KK, Li F, Li QS, Yang K, Jin B. DNA Methylation as a Target of Epigenetic Therapeutics in Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 102:1-10.
21
19. Dansranjavin T, Krehl S, Mueller T, Mueller LP, Schmoll HJ, Dammann RH. The role of promoter CpG methylation in the epigenetic control of stem cell related genes during differentiation. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:916-924.
22
20. Rivenbark AG, Stolzenburg S, Beltran AS, Yuan X, Rots MG, Strahl BD, et al. Epigenetic reprogramming of cancer cells via targeted DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2012; 7:350-360.
23
21. Bruchova-Votavova H, Yoon D, Prchal JT. miR-451 enhances erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. Leukemia Lymphoma 2010; 51:686-693.
24
22. Rasmussen KD, Simmini S, Abreu-Goodger C, Bartonicek N, Di Giacomo M, Bilbao-Cortes D, et al. The miR-144/451 locus is required for erythroid homeostasis. J Exp Med 2010; 207:1351-1358.
25
23. Terskikh AV, Miyamoto T, Chang C, Diatchenko L, Weissman IL. Gene expression analysis of purified hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitors. Blood 2003; 102:94-101.
26
24. Charnay P, Treisman R, Mellon P, Chao M, Axel R, Maniatis T. Differences in human alpha- and beta-globin gene expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells: the role of intragenic sequences. Cell 1984; 38:251-263.
27
25. Ezoe S, Matsumura I, Satoh Y, Tanaka H, Kanakura Y. Cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Cell Cycle 2004; 3:314-318.
28
26. Ji H, Ehrlich LI, Seita J, Murakami P, Doi A, Lindau P, et al. Comprehensive methylome map of lineage commitment from haematopoietic progenitors. Nature 2010; 467:338-342.
29
27. Bocker MT, Hellwig I, Breiling A, Eckstein V, Ho AD, Lyko F. Genome-wide promoter DNA methylation dynamics of human hematopoietic progenitor cells during differentiation and aging. Blood 2011; 117:e182-189.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Short-term Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake and Energy-regulating Hormones
Objective(s):
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of short-term aerobic exercise on energy intake, appetite and energy-regulating hormones in free-living men and women.
Materials and Methods:
Sixteen (eight men, eight women) sedentary young normal weight subjects participated in two experimental conditions with two days apart: five days control with no exercise, and five days exercise (55% MHRR for 45 min/day). Subjects recorded dietary intake using a food diary and self-weighed intake during each five days. Appetite questionnaire (visual analogue scale) was completed each morning in the fasted state. Blood samples were taken in the morning on the 6th day in fasting status after control and exercise conditions.
Results:
No significant changes were found in absolute energy intake, appetite rate and level of acylated ghrelin and leptin between conditions in both sexes. In women, insulin concentration decreased significantly after exercise. Relative energy intake was significantly lower after exercise in men. On average, women compensated for about 23% of the exercise-induced energy deficit but men did not (-10%).
Conclusion:
Our findings show that low-intensity exercise for five consecutive days cannot create a negative energy balance in women. It seems that women are more resistant to exercise-induced energy deficit.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1117_2efb6d78f5196f2c68051aa529e8d574.pdf
2013-07-01
829
834
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1117
Aerobic exercise
Appetite
Appetite-regulating hormone
Energy intake
Mohsen
Ebrahimi
p11ebrahimi@gmail.com
1
Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farhad
Rahmani- Nia
2
Department of Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Arsalan
Damirchi
3
Department of Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Bahman
Mirzaie
4
Department of Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Sepide
Asghar Pur
5
Department of Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Hagobian TA, Braun B. Physical Activity and hormonal regulation of appetite: sex differences and weight control. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2010; 38:25-30.
1
2. Donnelly JE, Hill JO, Jacobsen DJ, Potteiger J, Sullivan DK, Johnson SL,
2
et al. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the midwest exercise trial. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1343-1350.
3
3. Potteiger JA, Jacobsen DJ, Donnelly JE, Hill JO. Glucose and insulin responses following 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults: the midwest exercise trial. Metab Clin Exp 2003; 52:1175-1181.
4
4. Stubbs RJ, Sepp A, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Horgan G, King N,
5
et al. The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living men, consuming their normal diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002a; 56:129–140.
6
5. Stubbs RJ, Sepp A, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, King N, Horgan G,
7
et al. The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living women. Int J Obes 2002b; 26:866–869.
8
6. Pomerleau M, Imbeault P, Parker T, Doucet E. Effects of exercise intensity on food intake and appetite in Women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1230–1236.
9
7. King NA, Lluch A, Stubbs RJ, Blundell JE. High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51:478-483.
10
8. Vatansever-Ozen S, Tiryaki-Sonmez G, Bugdayci G, Ozen G. The effects of exercise on food intake and hunger: Relationship with acylated ghrelin and leptin. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10:283-291.
11
9. Hickey MS, Houmard JA, Considine RV, Tyndall GL, Midgette JB, Gavigan KE
12
, et al. Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:E562-566.
13
10. Hagobian TA, Sharoff CG, Stephens BR, Wade GN, Silva JE, Chipkin SR,
14
et al. Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R233-242.
15
11. Staten MA. The effect of exercise on food intake in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:27-31.
16
12. Whybrow S, Hughes DA, Patrick R, Alexandra MJ, Graham WH, King N,
17
et al. The effect of an incremental increase in exercise on appetite, eating behavior and energy balance in lean men and women feeding ad libitum. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:1109–1115.
18
13. Mackelvie KJ, Meneilly GS, Elahi D, Wong ACK, Barr SI, Chanoine JP. Regulation of appetite in lean and obese adolescents after exercise: role of acylated and desacyl ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:648-654.
19
14. Glass S, Medicine ACoS, Dwyer GB. ASCM's Metabolic Calculations Handbook. Lippincott :Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
20
15. Bozinovski NC, Bellissimo N, Thomas SG, Pencharz PB, Goode RC, Anderson GH. The effect of duration of exercise at the ventilation threshold on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in 9 to 14 year old boys and girls. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009; 6:66.
21
16. Toshinai K, Kawagoe T, Shimbara T, Tobina T, Nishida Y, Mondal MS
22
, et al. Acute incremental exercise
23
Ebrahimi et al Sex Differences in Energy Balance
24
Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
25
decreases plasma ghrelin level in healthy men. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39:849–851.
26
17. Ghanbari-Niaki A. Ghrelin and glucoregulatory hormone responses to a single circuit resistance exercise in male college students. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:966–970.
27
18. Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Hollander DB, Tryniecki JL, Hebert EP, Castracane VD. Ghrelin and other glucoregulatory hormone responses to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. Endocrine 2004; 24:93–98.
28
19. Vestergaard ET, Dall R, Lange KHW, Kjaer M, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JOL. The ghrelin response to exercise before and after growth hormone administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:297–303.
29
20. Burns SF, Broom DR, Miyashita M, Mundy C, Stensel DJ. A single session of treadmill running has no effect on plasma total ghrelin concentrations. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:635–642.
30
21. Dall R, Kanaley J, Hansen TK, Moller N, Christiansen JS, Hosoda H,
31
et al. Plasma ghrelin levels during exercise in healthy subjects and in growth hormone-deficient patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147:65–70.
32
22. Ju¨rima¨e J, Hofmann P, Ju¨rima¨e T, Palm R, Ma¨estu J, Purge P,
33
et al. Plasma ghrelin responses to acute sculling exercises in elite male rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99:467–474.
34
23. Kallio J, Pesonen U, Karvonen MK, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Kangawa K,
35
et al. Enhanced exercise-induced GH secretion in subjects with Pro7 substitution in the prepro-NPY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5348– 5352.
36
24. Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Acevedo EO, Johnson LG, Kraemer GR, Hebert EP,
37
et al. Rigorous running increases growth hormone and insulin like growth factor-I without altering ghrelin. Exp Biol Med 2004; 229:240–246.
38
25. Christ ER, Zehnder M, Boesch C, Trepp R, Mullis PE, Diem P,
39
et al. Decombaz J. The effect of increased lipid
40
intake on hormonal responses during aerobic exercise in endurance-trained men. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154:397–403.
41
26. Ju¨rima¨e J, Ju¨rima¨e T, Purge P. Plasma ghrelin is altered after maximal exercise in elite male rowers. Exp Biol Med 2007; 232:904–909.
42
27. Sartorio A, Morpurgo P, Cappiello V, Agosti F, Marazzi N, Giordani C,
43
et al. Exercise-induced effects on growth hormone levels are associated with ghrelin changes only in presence of prolonged exercise bouts in male athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008; 48: 97–101.
44
28. Erdmann J, Tahbaz R, Lippl F, Wagenpfeil S, Schusdziarra V. Plasma ghrelin levels during exercise. Effects of intensity and duration. Regul Pept 2007; 143:127–135.
45
29. Weltman A, Pritzlaff CJ, Wideman L, Considine RV, Fryburg DA, Gutgesell,
46
et al. Intensity of acute exercise does not affect serum leptin concentrations in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:1556–1561.
47
30. Essig DA, Alderson NL, Ferguson MA, Bartoli WP, Durstine JL. Delayed effects of exercise on the plasma leptin concentration. Metabolism 2000; 49:395–399.
48
31. Ramezankhany A, Nazar Ali P, Hedayati M. Comparing effects of aerobics, pilates exercises and low calorie diet on leptin levels and lipid profiles in sedentary women. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2011; 14:256-263.
49
32. Kraemer RR, Chu H, Castracane VD. Leptin and exercise. Exp Biol Med 2002; 227:701–708.
50
33. Olive JL, Miller GD. Differential effects of maximal- and moderate-intensity runs on plasma leptin in healthy trained subjects. Nutrition 2001; 1:365-369.
51
34. Kraemer RR, Castracane VD. Exercise and humoral mediators of peripheral energy balance: ghrelin and adiponectin. Exp Biol Med 2007; 232:184–194.
52
35. Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. The NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 5: S56–S62.
53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Expression and Antigenic Evaluation of VacA Antigenic Fragment of Helicobacter Pylori
Objective(s): Helicobacter pylori, a human specific gastric pathogen is a causative agent of chronic active gastritis. The vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is an effective virulence factor involved in gastric injury. The aim of this study was to construct a recombinant protein containing antigenic region of VacA gene and determine its antigenicity. Materials and Methods: The antigenic region of VacA gene was detected by bioinformatics methods. The polymerase chain reaction method was used to amplify a highly antigenic region of VacA gene from chromosomal DNA of H. pylori. The eluted product was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a. The target protein was expressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The bacteria including pET32a-VacA plasmids were induced by IPTG. The antigenicity was finally studied by western blotting using sera of 15 H. pylori infected patients after purification. Results: Enzyme digestion analysis, PCR and DNA sequencing results showed that the target gene was inserted correctly into the recombinant vector. The expressed protein was purified successfully via affinity chromatography. Data indicated that antigenic region of VacA protein from Helicobacter pylori was recognized by all 15 patient’s sera. Conclusion : Our data showed that antigenic region of VacA protein can be expressed by in E. co.li. This protein was recognized by sera patients suffering from H. pylori infection. the recombinant protein has similar epitopes and close antigenic properties to the natural form of this antigen. Recombinant antigenic region of VacA protein also seems to be a promising antigen for protective and serologic diagnosis .
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1118_73ee7ed2b4d28e2eff03394946d803a0.pdf
2013-07-01
835
840
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1118
Antigenic region
Cloning
Epitopes
Helicobacter pylori
VacA cytotoxin
Leila
Hasanzadeh
1
¹ Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsanollah
Ghaznavi-Rad
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Safieh
Soufian
3
³Biology Department, Payame Noor University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahideh
Farjadi
4
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Abtahi
abtahi@arakmu.ac.ir
5
Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease. Annu Rev Med 1992; 43: 135-145.
1
2. Atherton JC, Blaser MJ. Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 2475-2487.
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3. Forman D. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:23-26.
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4. Sitas F, Forman D, Yarnell JWG, Burr ML, Elwood PC, Pedley S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection rates in relation to age and social class in a population of Welsh men. Gut 1991; 32:25-28.
4
5. MullerI, Medina-selby A, Placios JL, Martinez P, Opazo P, Bruce E, et al. Cloning and comparison of ten gene sequences of a Chilean Helicobacter pylori strain with other Helicobacter pylori strains revealed higher variability for VacA and CagA virulence factors. Biol Res 2002; 35:67-84.
5
6. Cover TL, Blanke SR. Helicobacter pylori VacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:320-332.
6
7. de Bernard M, Cappon A, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R, Montecucco C. The multiple cellular activities of the VacA cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 293:589-597.
7
8. Gangwer KA, Shaffer CL, Suerbaum S, Lacy DB, Cover TL, Bordenstein SR. Molecular Evolution of the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Toxin Gene VacA. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:6126-6135.
8
9. Isomoto H, Moss J, Hirayama T. Pleiotropic action of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA. Tohoku J Exp Med 2010; 220: 3-14.
9
10. Papine E, Zoratti M, Cover TL. In search of the Helicobacter pylori VacA mechanism of action. Toxicon 2001; 39:1757-1767.
10
11. Wada A, Yamasaki E, Hirayama T. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin, vacA, is responsible for gastric ulceration. J Biochem 2004; 136:741-746.
11
12. Talebkhan Y, Mahboudi F, Sarrami R, Barkhordari F, Amani M, Mohammadi M. Cloning and expression of the heterogenic vacuolating cytotoxin from an Iranian Helicobacter pylori strain. Iran J Biotechnol 2004; 2:123-131.
12
13. Mohammadi M, Oghalaie A, Mohajerani N, Massarrat S
13
, Nasiri M, Bonnedsen M, et al. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin and its allelic mosaicism as a predictive marker for Iranian dyspeptic patients. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2003; 96: 3-5.
14
14. Kolaskar AS, Tongaonkar PC. A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens. FEBS Lett 1990; 276:172-174.
15
15. Sambrook J, Russel D. Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3
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rd ed., New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001.
17
16. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:5463-5467.
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17. Wheeldon TU, Hoang TT, Phung DC, Bjorkman A, Granstrom M, Sorberg M. Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in Vietnam: reinfection and clinical outcome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:1047-1053.
19
18. Garner JA, Cover TL. Binding and internalization of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin by epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4197-4203.
20
19. Rudi J, Kolb C, Maiwald M, Zuna I, von Herbay A, Galle PR, et al. Serum antibodies against the Helicobacter pylori proteins CagA and VacA are associated with an increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:1652-1659.
21
20. Phadnis SH, Ilver D, Janzon L, Normark S, Westblom TU. Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolating toxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1557-1565.
22
21. Nguyen VQ, Caprioli RM, Cover TL. Carboxy-terminal proteolytic processing of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 543-546.
23
Hasanzadeh et al Expression and Antigenic Evaluation of VacA
24
22. Sewald X, Fischer W, Haas R. Sticky socks: Helicobacter pylori VacA takes shape. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:89-92.
25
23. Gangwer KA, Mushrush DJ, Stauff DL, Spiller B, McClain MS, Cover TL, et al. Crystal structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin p55 domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:16293-16298.
26
24. Liu KY, Shi Y, Luo P, Yu SH, Chen L, Zhao ZH, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori CagA, VacA and UreB fusion proteins in mice model. Vaccine 2011; 2:6679
27
25. Ivie SE, McClain MS, Torres VJ, Scott Algood HM, Lacy DB, Yang R, et al. Helicobacter pylori VacA subdomain required for intracellular toxin activity and assembly of functional oligomeric complexes. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2843-2851.
28
26. Sugimura K, Higashi N. A novel outer-membrane-associated protease in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3650-3654.
29
27. McCormick M, Mierendorf R. S.Tag: A multipurpose fusion peptide for recombinant proteins. inNovations 1994; 1: 4-7.
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28. Abtahi H, Salmanian AH, Rafati S, Behzadian Nejad G, Hassan ZM. High level expression of recombinant ribosomal protein (L7/L12) from Brucella abortus and its reaction with infected human sera. Iran Biomed J 2004; 8:13-18.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism in Iranian Coronary Atherosclerosis Patients Candidate for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Objective(s):
Apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) polymorphism affects lipid levels and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. The aim of this study was to study the association of the Apolipoprotein E genotypes with coronary artery disease in the Iranian population.
Materials and Methods:
The Apolipoprotein E genotype in DNA samples extracted from 66 CAD+ patients and 61 control subjects by restricting enzyme digestion of amplified exon 4 APOE gene was determined.
Results
: The ε3 allele was found at similar frequency in control subjects (88.5%) and atherosclerosis patients (83.3%) (P=0.314). Our results showed that the frequency of the ɛ3/ɛ3 and ε3/ε4 genotypes increased in three-vessel-disease patients and the frequency of ɛ2/ɛ2 genotype increased in one-vessel-disease patients.
Conclusion
: ɛ3/ɛ3 and ɛ3/ɛ4 genotypes are suggested to be predisposing factors, which, in combination with environmental factors, may trigger the degree of luminal narrowing. The possible mechanisms remain elusive and require further studies.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1119_ac3266b8ae6606775b44c9647f211ecf.pdf
2013-07-01
841
844
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1119
Apolipoprotein E
Coronary Atherosclerosis
Polymorphism
Restriction Isotyping
Mohammad Mehdi
Heidari
heidarimm@yazduni.ac.ir
1
Department of Biology, Science School, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Khalil
Foruzannia
2
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehri
Khatami
m.khatami@yazd.ac.ir
3
Department of Biology, Science School, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Hadadzadeh
4
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Emami Meybodi
5
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Afshar Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Relationship of atherosclerosis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and smoking. A preliminary report from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. JAMA 1990; 264:3018-0324.
1
2. Ghayour-Mobarhan M , Starkey B, Livingstone C, Wang T, Lamb D, Ferns G. An investigation of the relationship between serum vitamin E status and coronary risk factors in dyslipidaemic patients. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2008; 4:206 - 215.
2
3. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988; 240:622-630.
3
4. Walden CC, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein E in hyperlipidemia. Ann Inter Med 1994; 120:1026-1036.
4
5. Das HK, McPherson J, Bruns GA, Karathanasis SK, Breslow JL. Isolation, characterization, and mapping to chromosome 19 of the human apolipoprotein E gene. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:6240-6247.
5
6. Paik YK, Chang DJ, Reardon CA, Davies GE, Mahley RW, Taylor JM. Nucleotide sequence and structure of the human apolipoprotein E gene. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:3445-3449.
6
7. Smith JD, Melian A, Leff T, Breslow JL. Expression of the human apolipoprotein E gene is regulated by multiple positive and negative elements. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:8300-8308.
7
8. MO MC, Muir KW, Weir CJ, Dyker AG, Bone I, Nicoll JA, et al. The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and outcome in cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1998; 29:1882-1887.
8
9. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 1997; 278:1349-1356.
9
10. Hixson JE, Vernier DT. Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J Lipid Res 1990; 31:545-548.
10
11. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8:1-21.
11
12. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA 2007; 298:1300-1311.
12
13. Anuurad E, Rubin J, Lu G, Pearson TA, Holleran S, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Protective effect of apolipoprotein E2 on coronary artery disease in African Americans is mediated through lipoprotein cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2475-2481.
13
14. Wilson PWF, D'Agostino R, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H. Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97:1837-1847.
14
15. Ferreira CN, Carvalho MG, Fernandes AP, Lima LM, Loures-Valle AA, Dantas J, et al. Comparative study of apolipoprotein-E polymorphism and plasma lipid levels in dyslipidemic and asymptomatic subjects, and their implication in cardio/cerebro-vascular disorders. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:177-182.
15
16. Topic A, Spasojevic Kalimanovska V, Zeljkovic A, Vekic J, Jelic Ivanovic Z. Gender-related effect of apo E polymorphism on lipoprotein particle sizes in the middle-aged subjects. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:361-367.
16
17. Akanji AO, Suresh CG, Fatania HR, Al-Radwan R, Zubaid M. Associations of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with low-density lipoprotein size and subfraction profiles in Arab patients with coronary heart disease. Metabolism 2007; 56:484-490.
17
18. Mahley RW, Palaoglu KE, Atak Z, Dawson-Pepin J, Langlois AM, Cheung V, et al. Turkish Heart Study: lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1995; 36:839-859.
18
19. Rask-Nissila L, Jokinen E, Viikari J, Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Marniemi J, et al. Impact of dietary intervention, sex, and apolipoprotein E phenotype on tracking of serum lipids and apolipoproteins in 1- to 5-year-old children: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:492-498.
19
20. Srinivasan SR, Wattigney W, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Serum apolipoprotein E in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 1989; 38:1173-1178.
20
21. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Dong G. Dong The correlation between APOE gene polymorphisms and carotid artery stenosis. Chin J Gerontol. 2008;16:1615–7.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Ramadan Fasting and Physical Activity on Blood Hematological-Biochemical Parameters
Objective(s):
Fasting during the month of Ramadan is a religious obligation and belief for healthy adult Muslims. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of Ramadan Fasting and physical activity on ‘Blood Hematological-Biochemical Parameters’.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, twenty-six healthy males in two experimental groups were compared in two different instances before and after the training period. The groups which were selected by convenience sampling method were divided into two non-active fasting (n=13) and active fasting (n=13) groups. For comparison purposes between groups, paired and independent sample t-test was performed, respectively, after ensuring their normality within a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results:
HDL-C increased significantly in both active and non-active fasting groups, Moreover, amount of hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count (RBC), TC, LDL, VLDL, LDL/HDL and TC/ HDL decreased significantly. Amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) and glucose reduced significantly in the active-fasting group. The variation of the means between the groups in the Hgb index and LDL/HDL were statistically significant.
Conclusion:
Fasting during the month of Ramadan by regular physical activity caused positive alterations in Hematological-Biochemical Index. These changes may be due to the alterations in diet, biology response of the body to the starving and physical activity during this month.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1120_66373406cad979f3763eee49923cc2dc.pdf
2013-07-01
845
849
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1120
Active and non active men
Hematological-Bioche
mical Index
Physical activity
Ramadan Fasting
Different between
1
pre-post test
2
Mean±SD*
3
Mean±SD*
4
5.21±1.00
5
5.66±1.75
6
Exercise group
7
White blood cell count (x 106/mm3)
8
6.03±1.02
9
5.97±0.97
10
Control group
11
0.040†
12
4.93±0.27
13
5.03±0.28
14
Exercise group
15
Red blood cell count
16
(x 106/mm3)
17
0.032†
18
4.86±0.24
19
4.98±0.26
20
Control group
21
0.031†
22
0.027†
23
14.23±1.01
24
14.55±1.19
25
Exercise group
26
Hemoglobin (gm/dl)
27
14.93±1.06
28
14.80±1.15
29
Control group
30
0.031†
31
41.45±2.43
32
42.19±2.81
33
Exercise group
34
Hematocrit (%)
35
0.042†
36
41.95±2.23
37
42.83±2.58
38
Control group
39
203.46±44.74
40
202.92±39.64
41
Exercise group
42
Platelets (1000)
43
209.23±53.28
44
206.23±51.35
45
Control group
46
*Data presented as mean ± standard deviation ** Paired sample t-test
47
‡The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. *** Independent samples t-test
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of the Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Prostaglandin E2 and Two Key Cytokines Involved in Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Objective(s): Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the most common outcome of a collection of diverse lung disorders known as interstitial lung diseases. It is proposed that alterations in the levels of fibrogenic mediators and the profibrotic/antifibrotic imbalance play a substantial role in the progression of PF in animal models and possibly in humans. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis, has numerous biological effects. In the present study, the main objective was to investigate the effects of CAPE on some key mediators including TGF-β1, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2
) involved in profibrotic/antifibrotic balance and pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
Materials and Methods:
In this study, forty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8). (1) “Bleomycin (BLM)-treated (Model) group”: BLM (5 mg/kg, single intratracheal dose), (2) “Saline-treated group”: the rats were given only saline, (3) “Treatment-1 group”: BLM + CAPE (5 μmol/kg/day, 28 days, IP), (4) “Treatment-2 group”: BLM + CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day, 28 days, IP) and (5) “Vehicle + CAPE group”: CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day, 28 days, IP).
Results:
BLM could significantly increase the levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 and decrease the PGE2 concentration compared to the saline control group. CAPE could considerably improve these values almost close to normal levels.
Conclusion:
Briefly, CAPE can be suggested as a novel, attractive and effective agent for prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1124_aea51a00adee9a9ddb85a8dc6ba94450.pdf
2013-07-01
850
857
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1124
Bleomycin
CAPE
Cytokine
Pulmonary Fibrosis
PGE2
TGF-β1
TNF-α
Amir
Larki-Harchegani
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Hemmati
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ardeshir
Arzi
3
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehri
Ghafurian-Boroojerdnia
4
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Somayeh
Shabib
5
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Zadkarami
6
Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Saleh
Esmaeilzadeh
7
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
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16. Ozer MK, Parlakpinar H, Vardi N, Cigremis Y, Ucar M, Acet A. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative renal damage in rats: protection by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Shock. 2005;24:97-100.
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Effects of CAPE on Pulmonary Fibrosis Hemmati et al
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Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
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39. Xaubet A, Roca-Ferrer J, Pujols L, Ramirez J, Mullol J, Marin-Arguedas A, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated in lung parenchyma of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and down-regulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2004;21:35-42.
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Hemmati et al Effects of CAPE on Pulmonary Fibrosis
52
Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
53
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54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Shilajit on Brain Edema, Intracranial Pressure and Neurologic Outcomes following the Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat
Objective(s):
Brain edema is one of the most serious causes of death within the first few days after trauma brain injury (TBI). In this study we have investigated the role of Shilajit on brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, intracranial pressure (ICP) and neurologic outcomes following brain trauma.
Materials and Methods:
Diffuse traumatic brain trauma was induced in rats by drop of a 250 g weight from a 2 m high (Marmarou’s methods). Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups including sham, TBI, TBI-vehicle, TBI-Shi150 group and TBI-Shi250 group. Rats were undergone intraperitoneal injection of Shilajit and vehicle at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hr after trauma. Brain water content, BBB permeability, ICP and neurologic outcomes were finally measured.
Results:
Brain water and Evans blue dye contents showed significant decrease in Shilajit-treated groups compared to the TBI-vehicle and TBI groups. Intracranial pressure at 24, 48 and 72 hr after trauma had significant reduction in Shilajit-treated groups as compared to TBI-vehicle and TBI groups (P<0.001). The rate of neurologic outcomes improvement at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hr after trauma showed significant increase in Shilajit-treated groups in comparison to theTBI- vehicle and TBI groups (P <0.001).
Conclusion:
The present results indicated that Shilajit may cause in improvement of neurologic outcomes through decreasing brain edema, disrupting of BBB, and ICP after the TBI.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1125_0e68615155171a7cb8519d8d998b3c17.pdf
2013-07-01
858
864
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1125
Brain edema
Intracranial pressure
Rat
Shilajit
Trauma
Mohammad
Khaksari
1
Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Mahmmodi
2
Jiroft Education, Jiroft, Iran
AUTHOR
Nader
Shahrokhi
3
Neuroscience Research Center ,Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shabani
4
Neuroscience Research Center ,Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Siavash
Joukar
5
Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mobin
Aqapour
6
Mobin kahroba kimia Company, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
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Shilajit and Traumatic Brain Injury Khaksari et al
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Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
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9. Shibnath Ghosal SKS, Yatendra Kumar, Radheyshyam Srivastava, Raj K. Goel, Radharaman Dey, Salil K. Bhattacharya. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of fulvic acids and 4′-methoxy-6-carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from shilajit. Phytotherapy Research 1988;2(4):187-91.
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21. Thawatchai Phaechamud JC, Wetwitayaklung P, Chutima Limmatvapirat and Thaksin Srichan. Some Biological Activities and Safety of Mineral Pitch(Mumijo). Silpakorn U Sience & Tech J 2008; 2:7-17.
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23. keshavarzi ZMK, Razmi Z, Soltani Hekmat A, Naderi V, Rostami S. The effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the brain Iiflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2012; 15:1102-1105.
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24. Khaksari M, Soltani Z, Shahrokhi N, Moshtaghi G, Asadikaram G. The role of estrogen and progesterone, administered alone and in combination, in modulating cytokine concentration following traumatic brain injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 89:31-40.
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25. Shahrokhi N, Khaksari M, Soltani Z, Mahmoodi M, Nakhaee N. Effect of sex steroid hormones on brain edema, intracranial pressure, and neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:414-421.
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26. O'Connor CA, Cernak I, Vink R. Both estrogen and progesterone attenuate edema formation following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1062:171-174.
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27. Pegg CC, He C, Stroink AR, Kattner KA, Wang CX. Technique for collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterna magna in rat. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 187:8-12.
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31. Fujimoto M, Takagi Y, Aoki T, Hayase M, Marumo T, Gomi M, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases protect blood-brain barrier disruption in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1674-1685.
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33. Shibnath Ghosal JL, Sushil K. Singh, Gautam Dasgupta, Joydeep Bhaduri, Mita Mukhopadhyay, Salil K. Bhattacharya. Chemistry of Shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan. Pure Appl Chem (IUPAC) 1990; 62:1285 -1288.
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Khaksari et al Shilajit and Traumatic Brain Injury
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Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
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neuroprotective effects of sex steroid hormones on inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011g 18.
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53
49. S. K. Bhattacharya SG. Effect of Shilajit on rat brain monoamines. Phytother Res
54
1992; 6:163-164.
55
50. Shahlaie K, Boggan JE, Latchaw RE, Ji C, Muizelaar JP. Posttraumatic vasospasm detected by continuous brain tissue oxygen monitoring: treatment with intraarterial verapamil and balloon angioplasty. Neurocrit Care 2009; 10:61-69.
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57
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preparation and Characterization of Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) Microemulsion Properties and Structure for Topical and Transdermal Application
Objective(s): The objective of this study was to design a topical microemulsion of Vit B12
and to study the correlation between internal structure and physicochemical properties of the microemulsions. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable mixtures of water, oil, surfactants and usually cosurfactants with several advantages for topical and transdermal drug delivery. The formulation of microemulsions for pharmaceutical use requires a clear understanding of the properties and microstructures of the microemulsions.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, phase behavior and microstructure of traditional and novel microemulsions of Vit B12 have been investigated by Small-angle X-ray (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and measuring density, particle size, conductivity and surface tension.
Results:
WO and bicontinuous microemulsion with different microstructures were found in novel and traditional formulations. In this study, amount of water, surfactant concentration, oil/ surfactant ratio and physicochemical properties of cosurfactants influenced the microstructures. In both formulations, water behavior was affected by the concentration of the surfactant. Water Solubilization capacity and enthalpy of exothermic peak of interfacial and free water of traditional formulations were more than novel ones. This means that the affinity of water to interfacial film is dependent on the surfactant properties.
Conclusion:
This study showed that both microemulsions provided good solubility of Vit B12 with a wide range of internal structure. Low water solubilization capacity is a common property of microemulsions that can affect drug release and permeability through the skin. Based on Vit B12 properties, specially, intermediate oil and water solubility, better drug partitioning into the skin may be obtained by traditional formulations with wide range of structure and high amount of free and bounded water.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1126_ae7d8105769826e8ca511e0e7f798157.pdf
2013-07-01
865
872
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1126
DSC
Microemulsion microstr-
ucture
Pseudo ternary phase- diagram
SAXS
Anayatollah
Salimi
1
Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2 School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Sharif Makhmal Zadeh
2
Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2 School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Eskandar
Moghimipour
moghimipour@yahoo.com
3
Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2 School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Bagwe RP, Kanicky JR, Palla BJ, Patanjali PK, Shah DO. Improved drug delivery using microemulsion: rationale, recent progress, and new horizons. Crit Rev Ther Drug 2001; 18: 77-140.
1
2. Tosmic M, Podlogar F, Gasperlin M, Bester-Rogac M, Jamink A. Water- tween 40/imwitor 308-isopropyl myristate microemulsions as delivery systems for ketoprofen: Small-angle X-ray scattering study. Int J Pharm 2006; 327: 170-177.
2
3. Heuschkel S, Goebel A, Neubert RH. Microemulsion – modern colloidal carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97: 603-631.
3
4. Kreilgaard M. Influence of microemulsions on cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Del Rev 2002; 54: 77-98
4
5. Boonme P, Krauel K, Graf A, Rades T, Junyaprasert VB. Characterization of microemulsion structure in the pseudoternary phase diagrame of isopropyl palmitate/water/brij 97: 1-butanol. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7: E1-E7
5
6. Naoui W, Bolzinger MA, Fenet B, Pelletier J, Valoer JP, et al. Microemulsion microstructure influences the skin delivery of an hydrophilic drug. Pharm Res 2011; 28: 1683-1695.
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7. Langevin D. Microemulsion- interfacial aspects. Adv Colloid Inter Sci 1991; 34: 583-95.
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8. Shinoda K, Kunieda H, Arati T, Saijo H. Principles of attending very large Solubilization: inclusive understanding of the Solubilization of oil and water in aqueous and hydrocarbon media. J Phys Chem 1984; 88: 5126-5129.
8
9. Zvonar A, Rozman B, Rogac MB, Gasperlin M. The influence of microstructure on celecoxib release from a pharmaceutically applicable system: Mygliol 812/Labrasol /Plurol Oleique /Water mixtures. Acta Chim Slov 2009; 56: 131-138.
9
10.Podlogar F, Gasperline M, Tomsic M, Jamnik A, Rogac MB. Structural characterisation of water-tween40/ imwitor 308- isopropyl myristate microemulsion using different experimental methods. Int J Pharm 2004; 276: 115-128.
10
11. Stucker M, Pieck C, Stoerb C, Niedner R, Hartung J, Altemeyer P. Topical Vit B
11
12 – a new therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis- evaluation of efficacy and tolerability in a randomized placebo – controlled multicenter clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 977-983.
12
12. Stankler L. the Vit B
13
12 level in psoriatic skin and serum. Br J Dermatol 1969; 81: 911-918.
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13. Sharif Makhmal Zadeh B, Moghimi HR, Santos P, Hadgraft J, Lane ME, Rahim F. Formulation of microemulsion systems for improvement of nitrofurazone permeation through silicon membrane as burn wound imitating coverage. Int J Pharmacol 2010; 6(3): 264-270.
15
14. Acharya A, Sanyal K, Moulik SP. Formulation and characterization of a pharmaceutically useful microemulsion derived from isopropyl myristate, polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (Brij-30), isopropyl alcohol and water. Cur Sci 2001; 881(4):362-370.
16
15. Bajpai M, Sharma PK, Mittal A. A study of oleic acid oily base for tropical delivery of dexamethasone microemulsion formulations. Asian J Pharm 2009; 208-214.
17
16. Borhade V, Nair H, Hedge D. Design and evaluated of self-microemulsion drug delivery system of tacrolimus. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9 (1): 13-21.
18
17. Kim S, Ng WK, Shen S, Dong Y, Tan RBH. Phase behavior, microstructure transition and antiradical activity of sucrose laurate/ PG/ the essential oil of melaleuca alternifolia/ water microemulsion. Colloid & Surf A 2009; 348: 289-297.
19
18. Eicke HF. The microemulsion concept in nonpolar surfactant solutions. In: Robb ID (ed). Mikroemulsions. Plenum, New York, 1982, p .17-32.
20
19. Strey R. Microemulsion microstructure and interfacial curvature. Colloid Polym Sci 1994; 272: 10-15.
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20. Chen SH, Chang SL, Strey R. Structural evaluation within one-phase region of a three-component microemulsion: water- n-decane-sodium- bis- ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (AOT). J Chem Phys 1990; 97: 1907-1918.
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21.Herrera JR, Peralta RD, Lopez`RG, Cesteros LC, Mendizabal E, Puig JE. Cosurfactant effects on the polymerization of vinyl acetate in anionic media. Polymer 2003; 44: 1795-1802.
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22.Bumajdad A, Eastoe J. Conductivity of water-in-oil microemulsions stabilized by mixed surfactants. J Colloid & Interface Sci 2004; 274: 268-276.
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23.Garti N, Aserin A, Tiunova I, Funun M. A DSC study of water behavior in wate- in – oil microemulsions stabilized by sucrose esters and butanol. Colloids & Surface 2000; 120: 1-18.
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24. Raman IA, Suhaimi H, Tiddy GJ. Liquid crystals and microemulsions formed by mixtures of a non-ionic surfactant with palm oil and its derivatives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 106: 109-127.
26
25. Perez-Casas S, Castillo R, Costas M. Effect of alcohols in AOT reverse micelles. A heat capacity and light scattering study. J Phys Chemo B 1997; 101: 7043–7054.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Solvent Treatment on the Performance of Various Carriers in Dry Powder Inhalations Containing Salbutamol Sulphate
Objective(s):
It has been suggested that the efficiency of dry poder inhaler (DPI) is generally low. Therefore, the aim of the present research work was to use the solvent treatment of the carrier in DPIformulations to see the possibility of inducing desirable characteristics.
Materials and Methods:
Lactose sieve fractions of 63-90 μm were submerged in ethanol or 80% v/v ethanol, methanol or propanol. Lactose crystals were then blended with either 1% w/w or 4% w/w salbutamol sulphate using a Turbula mixer. Drug detachment was studied using a multistage liquid. Laser particle size analyzer, DSC, and pycnometer were used to characterize the treated lactose and mannitol samples. SEM was used to study surface morphologies. In case of mannitol as a carrier only ethanol was used as a solvent.
Results:
SEM images displayed less rugosities and increased surface smoothness after submersion. Although the tomahawk like shape remained fairly constant in most lactose samples, the solvent treatment changed the shape of mannitol particles which was proved by SEM results. Deposition results showed that the type of solvent had an influence on fine particle fraction. In addition, the payload had also a big impact on fine particle fraction values. Generally, treated samples showed better performance compared to untreated samples. Solid state analysis by DSC showed that no major changes occurred in the treated samples compared to untreated samples.
Conclusion:
The solvent treated method can be used as an approach to improve the performance of carriers such as lactose and mannitol in dry powder inhaler.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1127_dcc2aed3ba7fd58eebba7841bf8a77af.pdf
2013-07-01
873
881
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1127
Deposition test
Dry powder inhaler
Lactose
Mannitol
Solvent treated
Solid state characterizat-
ion
Mohammad Reza
Siahai Shadbad
1
1Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Leonie
Millen
2
2Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
AUTHOR
MN
Momin
3
2Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
AUTHOR
Ali
Nokhodchi
nokhodchia@hotmail.com
4
1Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
AUTHOR
1. Prime D, Atkins P, Slater A, Bumby B. Review of drug powder inhalers. Adv drug Rev 1997; 22:51-58.
1
2. Timsina MP, Martin GP, Marriott C, Ganderton D, Yianneskis M. Drug delivery to the respiratory tract using dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 1994; 101:1-13.
2
3. Flament MP, Leterme P, Gayot A. The influence of carrier roughness on adhesion, content uniformity and in vitro deposition of terbutaline sulphate from drug powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2004; 275:201-209.
3
4. Zeng X, Martin G, Mariott C, Pritchard J. The influence of carrier morphologies on drug delivery by dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2000; 200:93-106.
4
5. Larhib H, Martin G, Marriott C, Prime D. The influence of carrier and drug morphologies on drug delivery from dry powder formulations. Int J Pharm 2003; 257:283-296.
5
6. Dickhoff B, Boer A, Lambregts D, Frijlink H. The effect of carrier surface treatment or drug particle detachment crystalline carriers in adverse mixtures for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2006; 327:17-25.
6
7. Kaialy W, Martin GP, Larhrib H, Ticehurst MD, Kolosionek E, Nokhodchi A. The influence of physical properties and morphology of crystallised lactose on delivery of salbutamol sulphate from dry powder inhalers. Colloid Surf B 2012; 89:29-39.
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Dry Powder Inhalation Performance Siahai Shadbad et al
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Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
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11. Kaialy W, Martin GP, Ticehurst MD, Momin MN, Nokhodchi A. The enhanced aerosol performance of salbutamol from dry powders containing engineered mannitol as excipient. Int J Pharm 2010; 392:178-88.
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16. Zeng X, Martin G, Mariott C, Pritchard J. The use of lactose recrystallised from carbopol gels as a carrier from aerosolised Salbutamol Sulphate., Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2001; 51:55-62.
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17. De Boer AH, Hagedoorn P, Gjaltema D, Goede J, Kussendrager K, Frijlink HW. The effect of lactose carrier surface properties on the deagglomeration of adhesive mixtures in a basic classifier. Int J Pharm 2003; 260:201-216.
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25. Tee SK, Marriott C, Zeng XM, Martin GP. The use of different sugars as fine and coarse carriers for aerosolised salbutamol sulphate. Int J Pharm 2003; 208:111-123.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of the Lichen Parmotrema sp.
Extracts against Various Pathogens
Objective(s):
The ongoing increasing antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenges faced by global public health. The perennial need for new antimicrobials against a background of increasing antibiotic resistance in pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms obliges the scientific community to constantly develop new drugs and antimicrobial agents. Lichens are known prolific sources of natural antimicrobial drugs and biologically active natural products. This study was aimed to explore in vitro antimicrobial activity of lichen Parmotrema sp.
Material and Methods:
The methanol and aqueous extracts of lichen Parmotrema sp. was extracted using Soxhlet extractor. Antibiotic assessment of methanol and aqueous extracts was done against eight bacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Enterococci faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,) clinical pathogens and five plant pathogenic fungal strains (Aspergillus terreus strain JAS1, Scedosporium sp. JAS1, Ganoderma sp. JAS4, Candida tropicalis and Fusarium sp.) by Kirby-Bauer method.
Results:
The methanol lichen Parmotrema sp. extract inhibited all the test organisms. The highest antibacterial activity was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The weakest activity was manifested in Salmonella sp. and Scedosporium sp. JAS1. Strong antifungal effect was found against Ganoderma sp. JAS4 and Fusarium sp. The aqueous lichen Parmotrema sp. extract revealed neither antibacterial nor antifungal activity.
Conclusion:
The present study shows that tested lichen Parmotrema sp. extracts demonstrated a strong antimicrobial effect. That suggests the active components from methanol extracts of the investigated lichen Parmotrema sp. can be used as natural antimicrobial agent against pathogens.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1128_95a8d79abdc277bc4531f2e0d08fc895.pdf
2013-07-01
882
885
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1128
Antimicrobial agents
Kirby-Bauer Method
Lichens
Multi-drug resistance
Ritika
Chauhan
1
Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
AUTHOR
Jayanthi
Abraham
jayanthi.abraham@gmail.com
2
Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Nash TH, editor. Lichen biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.p.303.
1
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2
Rankovic BR, Kosanic M, Stanojkovic TP. Antiox-
3
idant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Lecanoraatra and Lecanora muralis. BMC Complement Alternat Med 2011; 11:97.
4
4. Vartia KO. Antibiotics in lichens. In: Ahmadjian V, Hale ME, editors. The lichens. New York: Academic Press; 1973.p.547–561.
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Hjalmarsdottir MA, Sigurdsson A, Gudjonsdottir GA. Antimycobacterial activity of lichen metabolites in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 1997; 6:141–144.
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8. Gulluce
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M, Aslan A, Sokmen M, Sahin F, Adiguzel A, Agar G, et al. Screening the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the lichens Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Ramalina pollinaria, Ramalina polymorpha and Umbilicaria nylanderiana. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:515–521.
11
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th ed. ASM, Washington, DC, USA: 2004.
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17
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18
Antimicrobial activity of Parmotrema sp.
19
Chauhan et al
20
Iran J Basic Med Sci, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul 2013
21
15. Land CJ, Lundstrom H. Inhibition of fungal growth by water extract from the lichen Nephroma articum. Lichenologist 1998; 30:259–262.
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Y, Kawai KI. Topics in the chemistry of lichen compounds. J Hattori Bot Lab 1994; 76:227–233.
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17. Candan M, Yilmaz
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M, Tay T, Kivanc M. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Xanthoparmelia pokornyi and its gyrophoric and stenosporic acid constituents. Z Naturforsch 2006; 61c:319–323.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison and Evaluation of Current Animal Models for Perineural Scar Formation in Rat
Objective (s):
Scar formation in injured peripheral nerve bed causes several consequences which impede the process of nerve regeneration. Several animal models are used for scar induction in preclinical studies which target prevention and/or suppression of perineural scar. This study evaluates the translational capacity of four of physical injury models to induce scar formation around the sciatic nerve of rat: laceration, crush, mince and burn.
Materials and Methods:
Functional (Toe out angle), macroscopic, and microscopic evaluations were performed weekly for four weeks and correlation of findings were analyzed.
Result:
While macroscopic and microscopic findings suggested a well-developed and adhesive fibrosis surrounding the sciatic nerve, functional assessment did not reveal any significant difference between control and experimental groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion:
Our study suggests that none of the applied animal models reproduce all essential features of clinical perineural scar formation. Therefore, more studies are needed to develop optimal animal models for translating preclinical investigations
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_1129_40c824976d9bebd62394024d7a338831.pdf
2013-07-01
886
890
10.22038/ijbms.2013.1129
Scar
Sciatic nerve
Translational research
Leila
O Zanjani
1
Tissue Repair Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran
AUTHOR
Masoumeh
Firouzi
firouzi@ibb.ut.ac.ir
2
Tissue Repair Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran
2 Research Center for Neural Repair, University of Tehran, Tehran, Ira
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad-Hossein
Nabian
3
Tissue Repair Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Nategh
m_nategh@razi.tums.ac.ir
4
Tissue Repair Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran Iran
AUTHOR
Vafa
Rahimi-Movaghar
5
Research Center for Neural Repair, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
S Kamrani
6
Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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