ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Inhibitory effect of allicin and garlic extracts on growth of cultured hyphae
Objective(s): Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the most common dermatophytes worldwide. This fungus invaded skin appendages of humans and animals. Recently, resistance to antifungal drugs as well as appearance of side effects due to indication of these kinds of antibiotics has been reported. Besides, using some plant extracts have been indicated in herbal medicine as an alternative treatment of these fungal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and pure allicin on the growth of hypha in T. rubrum using Electron miscroscopy. Materials and Methods:This study was carried out to observe the morphological changes of T. rubrum treated with allicin as well as aqueous garlic extract using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: SEM surveys, showed that hypha treated with allicin has rough and granular like surface, abnormal and irregularly-shape. However, hypha treated with garlic extract had rough and fluffy surface and also irregularly-shape. TEM studies also found that hypha treated with allicin displays disintegration of cytoplasm, breaking down in cell membrane and the cell wall, and collapsing of hypha, meanwhile hypha treated with garlic extract exhibiting degradation and dissolution of cytoplasm components, demolition of cell wall and cell membrane, and hypha appeared to break. Conclusion: The present study revealed that pure allicin (6.25 µg/ml and 12.5 µg/ml) is more efficient in inhibition of the growth in hyphal cells compare to the garlic extract (2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml) and they could be used as alternatives in treatment of dermatophytosis.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2399_31f2d25f861744357759649e90bb0f40.pdf
2014-03-01
150
154
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2399
Allicin
Dermatophytosis
Electron Microscopy
Garlic (allium sativum) extract
Trichophyton rubrum
Farzad
Aala
farzadaala@yahoo.com
1
Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
AUTHOR
Umi Kalsom
Yusuf
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
AUTHOR
Rosimah
Nulit
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
AUTHOR
Sassan
Rezaie
4
Department of Medical Mycology & Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Santos DA, Hamdan JS. Evaluation of broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing conditions for Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43:1917–1920.
1
2. Barros ME, Santos DA, Hamdan JS. Evaluation of susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates to antifungal drugs using a modified CLSI microdilution method (M38-A). J Med Microbiology. 2007; 56: 514-518.
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3. Al-Mohsen I, Hughes WT. Systemic antifungal therapy: past, present and future. Ann Saudi Med. 1998; 18: 28-38.
3
4. Odds FC, Brown AJP, Gow NAR. Antifungal agents: mechanisms of action. Trends Microbiol 2003; 11:272-279.
4
5. Pyun M, Shin S. Antifungal effects of the volatile oils from Allium plants against Trichophyton species and synergism of the oils with ketoconazole. Phytomedicine. 2006; 13:394-400.
5
6. Ismaiel AA, Rabie GH, Kenawey SE, Abd El-Aal MA. Efficacy of aqueous garlic extract on growth, aflatoxin B1 production, and cyto-morphological aberrations of Aspergillus flavus, causing human ophthalmic infection: topical treatment of A. flavus keratitis. Braz J Microbiol. 2012; 43:1355-1364.
6
7. Karuppiah P, Rajaram S. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2:597-601.
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8. Brilhante RS, de Lima RA, Caetano EP, Leite JJ, Castelo-Branco Dde S, Ribeiro JF, Bandeira Tde J, Cordeiro Rde A, Monteiro AJ, Sidrim JJ, Rocha MF. Effect of farnesol on growth, ergosterol biosynthesis, and cell permeability in Coccidioides posadasii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013; 57:2167-2170.
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9. Ghannoun MA. Studies on the anticandidal mode of action of Allium sativum. J Gen Microbiol. 1988; 134: 2917-2924.
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10. Aala F, Yusuf UK, Khodavandi A, Jamal F. In vitro antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with two mediations against six dermatophytic fungi. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2010; 4: 380-385.
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11. Cavillito CJ, Buck JS, Suter CM. Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum, II. Determination of the chemical structure. J Am Chem Soci. 1994; 66: 1952-1954.
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12. Pai ST, Platt MW. Antifungal effect of Allium sativum (garlic) extracts against the Aspergillus species involved in otomycosis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1995; 20:14-18.
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13. Ghahfarokhi MS, Goodarzia M, Razzaghi Abyanehb M, Al-Tiraihic T, Seyedipourd G. Morphological evidences for onion-induced growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Fitoterapia. 2004; 75: 645-655.
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14. Park MJ, Gwak KS, Yang I, Kim KW, Jeung EB, Chang JW, et al. Effect of citral, eugenol, nerolidol and α-terpineol on the ultrastructural changes of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Fitoterapia .2009; 80: 290-296.
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15. Ghahfarokhi MS, Razafsha M, Allameh A, Razzaghi Abyaneh M. Inhibitory effects of aqueous onion and garlic extracts on growth and keratinase activity in Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Iran Biomed J 2003; 7: 113-118.
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16. Iwasawa A, Saito K, Mokudai T, Kohno M, Ozawa T, Niwano Y. Fungicidal Action of Hydroxyl Radicals Generated by Ultrasound in Water. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009; 45:214-218.
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18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prenatal morphine exposure reduces pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of mice hippocampus
Objective(s):This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of maternal morphine exposure during gestational and lactation period on pyramidal neurons of hippocampus in 18 and 32 day mice offspring. Materials and Methods: Thirty female mice were randomly allocated into cases and controls. In case group, animals received morphinesulfate 10 mg/kg.body weight intraperitoneally during 7 days before mating, gestational period (GD 0-21), 18 and 32 days after delivery in the experimental groups. The control animals received an equivalent volume of normal saline. Cerebrum of six offsprings in each group was removed and stained with cresyl violet and a monoclonal antibody NeuN for immunohistochemical detection of surviving pyramidal neurons. Quantitative computer-assisted morphometric study was done on hippocampus. Results: The number of pyramidal neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 in treated groups was significantly reduced in postnatal day 18 and 32 (P18, P32) compared to control groups (P<0.05). The mean thickness of the stratum pyramidal layer was decreased in the treated groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05), whereas the mean thickness of the stratum oriens, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA1 field and stratum oriens, stratum lucidum, stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare in CA3 were significantly increased in morphine treated group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Morphine administration before and during pregnancy and during lactation period causes pyramidal neurons loss in 18 and 32 days old infant mice.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2400_49e43c1c2108509b318c6376c1f55c94.pdf
2014-03-01
155
161
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2400
CA1
CA2
CA3
Hippocampus
Morphine sulfate
Mouse
Pyramidal cells
Soraya
Ghafari
1
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Jafar
Golalipour
mjgolalipour@yahoo.com
2
Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Zhang Y, Chen Q, Yu LC. Morphine: a protective or destructive role in neurons? Neuroscientist 2008; 14:561-570.
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2. Nestler EJ. Historical review: molecular and cellular mechanisms of opiate and cocaine addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25:210-218.
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9. Chooa RE, Huestis MA, Schroeder JR, Shin AS, Jones HE. Neonatal abstinence syndrome in methadone-exposed infants is altered by level of prenatal tobacco exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 75:253-260.
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11. Atici S, Cinel L, Cinel I, Doruk N, Aktekin M, Akca A,et al. Opioid neurotoxicity: comparison of morphine and tramadol in an experimental rat model. Int J Neurosci 2004; 114:1001–1011.
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13. Bekheet SH, Saker SA, Abdel-Kader AM, Younis AEA. Histopathological and biochemical changes of morphine sulphate administration on the cerebellum of albino rats. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:165–175.
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14. Ghafari S, Roshandel D, Golalipour MJ. Effect of intrauterine morphine sulfate exposure on cerebellar histomorphological changes in neonatal mice. Folia Neuropathol 2011; 49:328-334.
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15. Svensson AL, Bucht N, Hallberg M, Nyberg F. Reversal of opiate-induced apoptosis by human recombinant growth hormone in murine foetus primary hippocampal neuronal cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:7304-7308.
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16. Mei B, Niu L, Cao B, Huang D, Zhou Y. Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons morphology in lateral secondary visual cortex of juvenile rats. Synapse 2009; 63:1154-1161.
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ABCG5 gene responses to treadmill running with or without administration of Pistachio atlantica in female rats
Objective(s): ABC transporters comprise a large family of transmembrane proteins that use the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to translocate a variety of substrates across biological membranes. All members of the human ABCG subfamily, except for ABCG2, are cholesterol-transporter. The aim of this study was to determine the liver, the small intestine and kidney ABCG5 relative gene expression in response to treadmill-running training in female rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats (6-8 weeks old and 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), and Baneh-control (BC), and Baneh-training (BT) groups. Training groups did the exercise on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day for eight weeks (5 days/week). Rats were fed orally, with Baneh extraction and saline for six weeks. The two-way ANOVA was employed for statistical analysis. ABCG5 relative gene expression was detected by Real-time PCR method. Results:The current findings indicate that the Baneh-treated tissues had significantly lower levels of ABCG5 gene expression in the liver, small intestine, and kidneys (P< 0.001, P< 0.003, P< 0.001, respectively), when compared with saline-treated tissues. However, a higher level of gene expression was observed in exercise groups. A lower level of HDL-c but not triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were found in Baneh-treated animals at rest. Conclusion: Exercise training increases ABCG5 relative gene expression in the liver, small intestine and kidney tissues; therefore exercise training may adjust the reduction of ABCG5 relative gene expression in Baneh-training group.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2401_353cdceeeeef69d2e82e7d91995b3aa3.pdf
2014-03-01
162
171
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2401
ABCG5
ABC transporters
Female rats
Pistachia atlantica
Treadmill exercise
Abbass
Ghanbari-Niaki
1
Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Baboulsar, Mazandaran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navabeh Zare
Kookandeh
2
Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Baboulsar, Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
Asghar Zare
Kookandeh
3
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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66
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In silico analysis of chimeric TF, Omp31 and BP26 fragments of Brucella melitensis for development of a multi subunit vaccine candidate
Objective(s):Brucellosis, especially caused by Brucella melitensis, remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually. The commonly used live attenuated vaccine in ovine brucellosis prophylaxis is B. melitensis Rev1. But due to different problems caused by the administration of this vaccine, a protective subunit vaccine against B. melitensis is strongly demanded. Brucella BP26, Omp31 and TF proteins have shown a considerable potential as protective antigens for brucellosis. Chimeric proteins carrying epitopes or adjuvant sequences increase the possibility of eliciting a broad cellular or humoral immune response. In silico tools are highly suited to study, design and evaluate vaccine strategies. Materials and Methods: In this study, a synthetic chimeric gene, encoding TF, BP26 93-111 and Omp3148-74 was designed.In order to predict the 3D structure of protein, modeling was carried out. Results:Validation results showed that 91.1% of residues lie in favored or additional allowed region of Ramachandran plot. The epitopes in the chimeric protein are likely to induce both the B-cell and T-cell mediated immune responses. Conclusion: The chimeric protein may be used as multi subunit for development of Brucella vaccine candidates.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2402_d29b829fd741bcbbb11a47fd304e4b0a.pdf
2014-03-01
172
180
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2402
Brucellosis
Chimeric protein
Epitope
Vaccination
Amir
Ghasemi
ghasemia77@yahoo.com
1
Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Ranjbar
ranjbarre@yahoo.com
2
Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Jafar
Amani
jafar.amani@gmail.com
3
Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CB1 cannabinoid receptors are involved in neuroleptic-induced enhancement of brain neurotensin
Objective(s): Targeting the neuropeptide systems has been shown to be useful for the development of more effective antipsychotic drugs. Neurotensin, an endogenous neuropeptide, appears to be involved in the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. However, the available data provide conflicting results and the mechanism(s) by which antipsychotics affect brain neurotensin neurotransmission have not been identified. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of fluphenazine and amisulpride on brain regional contents of neurotensin considering the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors which interact with neurotensin neurotransmission. Materials and Methods:Fluphenazine (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg) or amisulpride (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats either for one day or 28 consecutive days.Twenty four hours after the last injection of drug or vehicle, neurotensin contents were determined in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine regions by radioimmunoassay. In the case of any significant change, the effect of pre-treatment with CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 was investigated. Results:Chronic, but not acute, treatment with the highest dose of fluphenazine or amisulpride resulted in significant enhancement of neurotensin contents in the prefronatal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Fluphenazine also elevated neurotensin levels in the anterior and posterior caudate nuclei and substantia nigra. Neither amisulpride nor fluphenazine affected neurotensin contents in the amygdala or hippocampus. Pre-treatment with AM251 (3 mg/kg) prevented the neuroleptic-induced elevation of neurotensin. AM251 showed no effect by itself. Conclusion:The brain neurotensin under the regulatory action of CB1 receptors is involved in[T1] the effects of amisulpride and fluphenazine.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2403_c0a7bf9eafb5c493c339c326cb9f9df1.pdf
2014-03-01
181
188
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2403
Amisulpride
Brain
CB1 receptors
Fluphenazine
Neurotensin
Rat
Parichehr
Hassanzadeh
parichehr86@gmail.com
1
Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Rostami
f_rostami@yahoo.com
2
Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Stereological analysis of cornu ammonis in prenatally stressed rats: a heuristic neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
Objective(s):The hippocampus has been implicated in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Prenatal stress is a contributing risk factor for a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia. This study examined long-term effects of prenatal restraint stress on the stereological parameters in the Cornu Ammonis (CA) of adult male rats as an animal model of schizophrenia.
Materials and Methods:Wistar pregnant dams in experimental group were stressed in a cylindrical Plexiglas restrainer daily for 1 hr during last week of gestation. Controls remained in the animal room and were exposed only to normal animal room conditions. At 2 months of age, the volume of the pyramidal cell layer of the CA, the numerical density and the somal volume of the respective neurons were assessed in the male offspring generated from stressed and control pregnancies. Cavalieri's principle, physical disector and nucleator were applied for stereological analyses.
Results:This study showed that prenatal stress significantly decreased the volume of CA3 pyramidal cell layer and the individual somal volume of CA3 pyramidal neurons. However, there were no markedly differences in the numerical density, total number of CA3 pyramidal neurons and stereological parameters in CA1 of prenatally stressed and control animals.
Conclusion: These data indicate that prenatal stress exposure induced neuronal changes in the CA3 subfield of hippocampus which are similar to what is observed in schizophrenia.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2404_a4818ddfcafbbc07f5ba84b4bea3d40c.pdf
2014-03-01
189
195
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2404
Cornu ammonis
Hippocampus
Prenatal stress
Stereology
Mohammad
Hosseini-sharifabad
mohosseinsh11@gmail.com
1
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdoreza
Sabahi
2
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Brunton PJ, Russell JA. Prenatal social stress in the rat programmes neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress in the adult offspring: sex specific effects. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:258-271.
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2. Weinstock M. The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1073-1086.
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3. Markham JA, Taylor AR, Taylor SB, Bell DB, Koenig JI. Characterization of the cognitive impairments induced by prenatal exposure to stress in the rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 254:173.
3
4. Lee PR., Brady DL, Shapiro RA, Dorsa DM, Koenig JI. Prenatal stress generates deficits in rat social behavior: Reversal by oxytocin. Brain Res 2007; 1156:152-167.
4
5. Koenig JI, Elmer GI, Shepard PD, Lee PR, Mayo C, Joy B,et al. Prenatal exposure to a repeated variable stress paradigm elicits behavioral and neuroendocrinological changes in the adult offspring: potential relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2005; 156:251-261.
5
6. Kinnunen AK, Koenig JI, Bilbe G. Repeated variable prenatal stress alters pre- and postsynaptic gene expression in the rat frontal pole. J Neurochem 2003; 86:736-748.
6
7. Khashan AS, Abel KM, McNamee R, Pedersen MG, Webb RT, Baker PN,et al. Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65:146-152.
7
8. Koenig JI, Kirkpatrick B, Lee P. Glucocorticoid hormones and early brain development in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27:309-318.
8
9. Yaka R, Salomon S, Matzner H, Weinstock M. Effect of varied gestational stress on acquisition of spatial memory, hippocampal LTP and synaptic proteins in juvenile male rats. Behav Brain Res 2007; 179:126-132.
9
10. Boyer P, Phillips JL, Rousseau FL, Ilivitsky S. Hippocampal abnormalities and memory deficits: new evidence of a strong pathophysiological link in schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 2007; 54: 92-112.
10
11. Wu J, Song TB, Li YJ, He KS, Ge L, Wang LR. Prenatal restraint stress impairs learning and memory and hippocampal PKCbeta1 expression and translocation in offspring rats. Brain Res 2007; 1141:205-213.
11
12. Mueller, BR, Bale TL. Early prenatal stress impact on coping strategies and learning performance is sex dependent. Physiol Behav 2007; 91:55-65.
12
13. Stefanis N, Frangou S, Yakeley J, Sharma T, O’Connell P, Morgan K,et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46:697-702.
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14. Nelson MD, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta analytic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:433-440.
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15. Highley JR, Walker MA, Mc Donald B, Crow TJ, Esiri MM. Size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 414-417.
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16. Harrison PJ. The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmaco-logy (Berl) 2004; 174:151-62.
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17. Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. Sex differences in brain morphology in schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1637-1619.
17
18. Hosseini-sharifabad M, Sabahi AR. Prenatal stress induces impairment of memory and reduction in the volume of hippocampus in rat. J Isfahan Med School 2006; 75:67-72.
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19. Hosseini-sharifabad M, Esfandiari E, Hossein-sharifabad A. The effect of prenatal exposure to restraint stress on hippocampal granule neurons of adult rat offspring. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2012; 15:1060-1067.
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20. Lemaire V, koehl M, Moal Le M, Abrous DN. Prenatal stress produces learning deficits associated with an inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000; 97:11032-11037.
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21. Zhu Z, Li X, Chen W, Zhao Y, Li H, Qing C,et al. Prenatal stress causes gender-dependent neuronal loss and oxidative stress in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:837-844.
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22. Schmitz C, Bultmann E, Gube M, Korr H. Neuron loss in the mouse hippocampus following prenatal injection of triated thymidine or saline. Int J Dev Neurosci 1999; 17:185-190.
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23. Hosseini-sharifabad M, Nyengaard JR. Design-based estimation of neuronal number and individual neuronal volume in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Meth 2007; 162:206-214.
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24. Gokhale AM, Evans RA, Mackes JL, Mouton PR. Design-based estimation of surface area in thick tissue sections of arbitrary orientation using virtual cycloids. J Microsc 2004; 216: 25-31.
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25. Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design-based stereology in neuroscience. Neuroscience 2005; 30:813-831.
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29. Miki T, Satriotomo I, Li HP, Matsumoto Y, Gu H, Yokoyama T,et al. Application of the physical disector to the central nervous system: estimation of the total number of neurons in subdivisions of the rat hippocampus. Anat Sci Int 2005; 80:153-162.
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30. Gundersen HJG, Jensen EB, Kieu K, Nielsen J. The efficiency of systematic sampling in Hosseini-sharifabad and Sabahi Prenatal stress and the structure of cornu ammonis stereology– reconsidered. J Microsc 1999; 193:199-211.
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32. Hosseini-sharifabad M, Hadinedoushan H. Prenatal stress induces learning deficits and is associated with a decrease in granules and CA3 cell dendritic tree size in rat hippocampus. Anat Sci Int 2007; 82:211-217.
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48
49. Benes FM, Sorensen I, Bird ED. Reduced neuronal size in posterior hippocampus of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17:597-608.
49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Immunohistochemical study of type III collagen expression during pre and post-natal rat skin morphogenesis
Objective(s):Skin extracellular matrix, which contains type I and type III collagens, is involved in skin development. The aim of this study was to investigate type III collagen distribution pattern as well as its changes during pre and post-natal skin morphogenesis in rats.
Materials and Methods: Ventral skins of Wistar rat embryos at different stages from 10 to 20 gestational day (E10-E20) and also one month and one year post natal rat pups were fixed in normalin, embedded in paraffin and 5 µm thick sections were incubated with Anti type III collagen antibody. In order to detect staining intensity, the reactions were observed and graded by three examiners separately. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test and SPSS software version 11.5 were used to compare differences between samples.
Results: Immunoreactivity of type III collagen was distributed weakly in the mesenchymal connective tissue on day 10 (E10). The observed reaction was increased onE12 and E14. This reaction was clear in basement membrane, relatively intensive in dermal papillae and moderate in dermal reticularis on E14. This immunoreactivity pattern was increased afterward on E16, not changed on E18 and decreased in dermal reticularis on E20. The density of collagen type III in dermal papillae and dermal reticularis in skin of one year old rats were decreased comparing to one month old rats.
Conclusion: Our results showed that type III collagen is expressed and timely regulated during pre and post natal rat skin morphogenesis.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2405_a9a5fbc69de72f7663e10281a2dc29bc.pdf
2014-03-01
196
200
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2405
immunohistochemistry
Morphogenesis
Skin
Type III collagen
Elham
Mohammadzadeh
1
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Nikravesh
nikraveshmr@mums.ac.ir
2
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Jalali
3
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Fazel
4
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Ebrahimi
ebrahimiv901@mums.ac.ir
5
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Reza
Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan
6
1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology: Text & Atlas. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies; 2005
1
2. Ricard-Blum S, Ruggiero F. The collagen superfamily: from the extracellular matrix to the cell membrane. Pathol Biol 2005; 53:430-442.
2
3. Sansilvestri-Morel P, Rupin A, Badier-Commander C, eacute c, Kern P, Fabiani JN,et al. Imbalance in the synthesis of collagen type I and collagen type III in smooth muscle cells derived from human varicose veins. J Vasc Res 2001; 38:560-568.
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4. Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Burgeson RE, Shaikh-Bahai F, Timpl R. Type I and Type III Collagen Interactions during Fibrillogenesisa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:161-175.
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5. Niederreither K, D'Souza R, Metsaranta M, Eberspaecher H, Toman PD, Vuorio E,
5
et al. Coordinate patterns of expression of type I and III collagens during mouse development. Matrix Biol 1995; 14:705-713.
6
6. Chernoff EAG, Clarke DO, Wallace-Evers JL, Hungate-Muegge LP, Smith RC. The effects of collagen synthesis inhibitory drugs on somitogenesis and myogenin expression in cultured chick and mouse embryos. Tissue Cell 2001; 33:97-110.
7
7. Gerstenfeld LC, Crawford DR, Boedtker H, Doty P. Expression of type I and III collagen genes during differentiation of embryonic chicken myoblasts in culture. Mol Cell Biol 1984; 4:1483-1492.
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8. Hwang KA, Yi BR, Choi KC. Molecular mechanisms and in vivo mouse models of skin aging associated with dermal matrix alterations. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:1-8.
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9. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung J,et al. Vitamin A Antagonizes Decreased Cell Growth and Elevated Collagen-Degrading Matrix Metalloproteinases and Stimulates Collagen Accumulation in Naturally Aged Human Skin1. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:480-486.
10
10. Cicchi R, Kapsokalyvas D, De Giorgi V, Maio V, Van Wiechen A, Massi D,et al. Scoring of collagen organization in healthy and diseased human dermis by multiphoton microscopy. J Biophotonics 2010; 3:34-43.
11
11. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Abe M, Endo Y, Nakajima Y, Minegishi T,et al. Effects of aging and postmenopausal hypoestrogenism on skin elasticity and bone mineral density in Japanese women. Endocr J 2004; 51:159-164.
12
12. Rajabzadeh A, Ebrahimzadeh bideskan A.R, Fazel A, Sankian M, Rafatpanah H, Haghir H. The effect of PTZ-induced epileptic seizures on hippocampal expression of PSA-NCAM in offspring born to kindled rats. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:1-9.
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13. Ebrahimzadeh bideskan AR, Hassanzadeh Taheri MM, Nikravesh MR, Fazel AR. Lectin histochemical study of vasculogenesis during rat pituitary morphogenesis. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2011; 14:161-169.
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14. Betz P, Nerlichb A, Wilske J, Tiibel J, Penning R, Eisenmenger W. The immunohistochemical analysis of fibronectin, collagen type III, laminin, and cytokeratin 5 in putrified skin. Forensic Sci Int 1993; 61: 35-42.
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15. Kierszenbaum AL. Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2002.
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16. Smith LT, Holbrook KA, Madri JA. Collagen types I, III and V in human embryonic and fetal skin. Am J Anat 1986; 175:507-521.
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19
19. Chappard D, Alexandre C, Robert JM, Riffat G. Relationships between bone and skin atrophies during aging. Acta Anat 1991; 141:239-244
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus strains as probiotics on multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Objective(s):Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria is one of the most frequent infections in human population. Inappropriate use of antibiotics, often leads to appearance of drug resistance in bacteria. However, use of probiotic bacteria has been suggested as a partial replacement. This study was aimed to assess the antagonistic effects of Lactobacillus standard strains against bacteria isolated from UTI infections.
Materials and Methods: Among 600 samples; those with ≥10,000 cfu/ml were selected as UTI positive samples. Enterococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., and Escherichia coli were found the most prevalent UTI causative agents. All isolates were screened for multi drug resistance and subjected to the antimicrobial effects of three Lactobacillus strains by using microplate technique and the MICs amounts were determined. In order to verify the origin of antibiotic resistance of isolates, plasmid curing using ethidium bromide and acridine orange was carried out.
Results: No antagonistic activity in Lactobacilli suspension was detected against test on Enterococcus and Enterobacter strains and K. pneumoniae, which were resistant to most antibiotics. However, an inhibitory effect was observed for E. coli which were resistant to 8-9 antibiotics. In addition, L. casei was determined to be the most effective probiotic. Results from replica plating suggested one of the plasmids could be related to the gene responsible for ampicillin resistance.
Conclusion: Treatment of E. coli with probiotic suspension was not effective on inhibition of the plasmid carrying hypothetical ampicillin resistant gene. Moreover, the plasmid profiles obtained from probiotic-treated isolates were identical to untreated isolates.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2407_fc8de1c760e8dadb9848abf7e8970004.pdf
2014-03-01
201
208
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2407
Antibiotic resistance
Lactobacillus
Pathogenic bacteria
Probiotic
Urinary tract infection
Atiyeh
Naderi
1
Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Roha Kasra
Kermanshahi
2
Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sara
Gharavi
3
Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas Ali
Imani Fooladi
imanifouladi.a@gmail.com
4
Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Meghdad
Abdollahpour Alitappeh
5
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pasture Institute, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Parvaneh
Saffarian
6
Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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41. Livermore DM. beta-Lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:557-584.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Permanent lesion in rostral ventromedial medulla potentiates swim stress-induced analgesia in formalin test
Objective(s): There are many reports about the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in modulating stress-induced analgesia (SIA). In the previous study we demonstrated that temporal inactivation of RVM by lidocaine potentiated stress-induced analgesia. In this study, we investigated the effect of permanent lesion of the RVM on SIA by using formalin test as a model of acute inflammatory pain.
Materials and Methods: Three sets of experiments were conducted: (1) Application of stress protocol (2) Formalin injection after exposing the animals to the swim stress (3) Either the relevant vehicle or dopamine receptor 1 (D1) agonist R-SKF38393 was injected into the RVM to cause a lesion. For permanent lesion of RVM, R-SKF38393 was injected into the RVM. Forced swim stress in water was employed in adult male rats. Nociceptive responses were measured by formalin test (50µl injection of formalin 2% subcutaneously into hind paw) and pain related behaviors were monitored for 90 min.
Results: In the unstressed rats, permanent lesion of the RVM by R-SKF38393 decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in phase 1, while in stressed rats, injection of R-SKF38393 into the RVM potentiated swim stress-induced antinociception in phase 1 and interphase, phase 2A of formalin test. Furthermore, R-SKF38393 had pronociceptive effects in phase2B whereas injections of R-SKF38393 resulted in significant difference in nociceptive bahaviours in all phases of formalin test (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The result of the present study demonstrated that permanent inactivation of RVM can potentiate stress-induced analgesia in formalin test.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2408_a098ed239cd5d461db2a8ff49a42b6e0.pdf
2014-03-01
209
215
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2408
Analgesia
Formalin test
Inactivation
Lesion
Rostral ventromedial medulla
Swim stress
Ali
Shamsizadeh
alishamsy@gmail.com
1
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Neda
Soliemani
nedasoliemani@yahoo.com
2
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Mohammad-Zadeh
3
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Azhdari-
4
Department of Basic Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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64
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Plasma levels of interlukin-4 and Interferon- in patients with chronic or healed cutaneous leishmaniasis
Objective(s):In this study, the serum level of interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and interlukin-4 (IL-4) was evaluated as a marker of Th1 and Th2 immune response that influence the clinical course of cutaneous leishmaniasis[r1] .
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (21 cases with healed lesions and 23 cases with chronic non-healing lesions. Thirty-two non-infected persons living in the area were considered as controls. Serum levels of IFN- γ and IL-4 were determined using ELISA, and the results along with clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5.
Results: Serum IFN-γ level was not significantly different between various patient groups and control (P=0.27), but the serum level of IL-4 in patient groups was higher than in healthy subjects, and it was higher in patients with non-healed chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis than those with healed lesions (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Serum IL-4 level is a good marker for evaluation of the clinical course of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2409_c1d244b55773411653c6c03720457054.pdf
2014-03-01
216
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10.22038/ijbms.2014.2409
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Interferon-γ
Interlukin-4
T helper cel
Ahmad Reza
Taheri
taherar@mums.ac.ir
1
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Mashayekhi Goyonlo
2
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Yalda
Nahidi
3
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Nasrin
Moheghi
moheghin1@mums.ac.ir
4
Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Jalil
Tavakkol Afshari
5
Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Anderson CF, Oukka M, Kuchroo VJ, Sacks D. CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 2007; 204:285-297.
1
2. Epidemiologic status of Leishmaniasis in Iran, Resistance and Health, Prevention and control of Disease. 2001; 6-13.
2
3. Choi BS, Kropf P. Evaluation of T cell responses in healing and nonhealing leishmaniasis reveals differences in T helper cell polarization ex vivo and in vitro. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:199-209.
3
4. Reiner SL, Locksley RM. The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Ann Rev Immunol 1995; 13:151-177.
4
5. Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmania an update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20:435-445.
5
6. Alexander J, Bryson K. T helper 1/T helper 2 and Leishmaniasis: Paradox rather than Paradigm. Immunol Lett 2005; 99:17-23.
6
7. Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prato A, Dessein A,et al. Th1/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous Leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:383-390.
7
8. Uzonna JE, Joyce KL, Scott P. Low Dose Leishmania major promotes a transient T helper cell type 2 response that is Down-regulated by Interferon gamma- producing CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2004; 199:1559-66.
8
9. Maurer M, Dandji B, Von Stebut E. What determines the Success or failure of intracellular cutaneous parasites? Lessons learned from Leishmaniasis. Med Microbial Immunol 2009; 198:137-46.
9
10. Scott P, Artis D, Uzonna J, Zaph C. The development of effectors and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2004; 201:318-338.
10
11. Chatelain R, Mauze S, Varkila K, Coffman RL.Leishmania major infection in interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma depleted mice. Parasite Immunol 1999; 21:423-431.
11
12. Ajdary S, Riazi-Rad F, Alimohammadian MH, Pakzad SR. Immune response to Leishmania antigen in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect 2009; 59:139-143.
12
13. Ghosn SH, Kurban AK. Leishmaniasis and other protozoan infections. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology In General Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2008.p. 2001-2011.
13
14. Meymandi S, Dabiri S, Shamsi-Maymandi M, Nikpour H, Kharazmi A. Immunophenotypic pattern and cytokine profiles of dry type cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Arch Iran Med 2009; 12:371-336.
14
15. Ajdary S, Alimohammadian MH, Eslami MB, Kemp K, Kharazmi A. Comparison of the immune profile of nonhealing cutaneous Leishmaniasis patients with those with active lesions and those who have recovered from infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1760-1314.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Neuronal damage of the dorsal hippocampus induced by long-term right common carotid artery occlusion in rats
Objective(s):The present study investigated the effect of long-term mild cerebral hypoperfusion induced by permanent unilateral (right) common carotid artery occlusion (UCO) on the dorsal hippocampal neurons in rats. Materials and Methods:Sixty four male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 4 months were divided into two groups of sham and UCO. These two groups were further divided into 4 sets of histopathological observation periods at 8, 16, 48 and 56 weeks after arterial occlusion. Pathological changes were observed in three regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) of the dorsal hippocampus. Results:Significant increase of damaged neurons in CA1 region at 8, 16, 48, and 56 weeks were observed, whereas in CA3 and DG regions it was at 16, 48, and 56 weeks. Gradual increase of damaged neurons was found without significant change in hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: Long-term right common carotid artery occlusion in rats induced delay and progressive damage to the dorsal hippocampus with regional vulnerability from CA1 followed by CA3 and DG regions
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2410_adf27059a37e6056db7b0bb1d8a0a8b4.pdf
2014-03-01
220
226
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2410
Delay neuronal death
Hippocampal neurons
Mild cerebral hypoperfusion
Permanent right common
Carotid artery occlusion
Wachirayah
Thong-asa
1
1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, ASESRU, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
Knokwan
Tilokskulchai
2
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
AUTHOR
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21. Ohtaki H, Fujimoto T, Sato T, Kishimoto K, Fujimoto M, Moriya M,et al. Progressive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis after chronic ischemic hypoperfusionin rat. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2006; 96:283-287.
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23. Farkas E, Luiten PGM. Cerebral microvascular pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2001; 64:575-611.
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24. Plaschke K. Aspects of ageing in chronic cerebral oligaemia. Mechanisms of degeneration and compensation in rat models. J Neural Transm 2005; 112:393-413. 25. Jian H, Yi-Fang W, Qi L, Xiao-Song H, Gui-Yun Z. Cerebral blood flow and metabolic changes in hippocampal regions of a modified rat model with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Acta Neurol Belg. 2013 Sep; 113:313-317.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Polymorphism of the cytochrome P-450 1A1 (A2455G) in women with breast cancer in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran
Objective(s):Cytochrome P-450 1A1 is an important enzyme in the first phase of the metabolism of some carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as estrogen. The present study evaluates the existence of CYP1A1 polymorphism in a number of breast cancer samples.
Materials and Methods: One hundred breast cancer patients and the same number of healthy controls were analyzed for the A2455G polymorphism of cytochrome P-450 1A1 by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique.
Results: Frequency of heterozygote genotype (A/G) indicated significant increase in case group (17%) compared to control group (7%) (OR=2.7; 95% CI=1.07-6.89; P-value=0.03). The related result of (A/A) genotype showed significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (OR=0.34; P-value=0.01). Higher frequency of heterozygotes was mainly observed among premenopausal breast cancer patients.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the CYP1A1polymorphism may be useful for predicting breast cancer risk in our study population.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_2411_e77fa8f47ac322e424acad0ae629e384.pdf
2014-03-01
227
230
10.22038/ijbms.2014.2411
Breast Cancer
CYP1A1
Polymorphism
Hakimeh
Saadatian
hsaadatian88@gmail.com
1
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Jalal
Gharesouran
jalal gharesouran@gmail.com
2
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Montazeri
mohaddes@tbzmed.ac.ir
3
Department of Thorax Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyyed
Abolgasem Mohammadi
4
Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyyed Mojtaba
Mohaddes Ardabili
5
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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