ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preventive and Therapeutic Vaccines against Human Papillomaviruses Associated Cervical Cancers
Cervical cancer is, globally known to be, one of the most common cancers among women especially indeveloping countries. More than 90% of cervical cancers are associated with high-risk humanpapillomaviruses (HPVs) particularly HPV types 16 and 18. Two major strategies have been developed forprevention and treatment of cervical cancer and other HPV-associated malignancies; the first one is based onHPV virus-like particles (VLPs) containing HPV structural proteins. VLP based vaccines can inducegenotype specific virus neutralizing antibodies for preventing HPV infections. The other strategy is based onHPV early genes especially E6 and E7 for eliminating the established HPV infections; therefore they areclassified as HPV therapeutic vaccines. This article reviews the preventive and therapeutic vaccines againstHPV infections and cervical cancer.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4828_f2fdef9e9493adee58c6809a9c130e92.pdf
2012-01-01
585
601
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4828
Cervical Cancer
Human papillomavirus
Preventive vaccine
Therapeutic vaccine
Nayereh
Khadem Ghaebi
1
Women’s Health Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Meshkat
2
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Plasma Nitric Oxide and Acute Phase Proteins after Moderate and Prolonged Exercises
Objective(s)The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma levels of nitric oxide (NO) and certain acute phase proteins(caeruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein) in Nigerian subjects after short and prolonged exercises.Materials and MethodsA total of 57 subjects (34 males and 23 females) between ages of 19 and 45 years participated in this study and weredivided into three groups: Group 1 (Prolonged exercise) consisted of footballers (10 males and 9 females) who playedfootball for at least two hrs daily; Group II (Moderate exercise) consisted of individuals (14 males and 5 females) whoplayed football for 30 min 3 times a week; Group III (10 males and 9 females) were sedentary workers, who rarely hadany form of physical exercise. The plasma samples were assayed for NO, C-reactive protein (CRP), caeruloplasmin,haptoglobin, and transferrin using spectrophotometer and immunoplates. Statistical analysis was done using thestudent’s-t-test.ResultsThe result showed that there was a significant reduction in the level of NO in prolonged exercise (P<0.05) whencompared with control subjects while the increase of NO in subjects with moderate exercise was not statisticallysignificant when compared with control subjects. C-reactive protein was significantly increased (P< 0.01) whiletransferrin and haptoglobin were significantly reduced (P< 0.001 and P< 0.01 respectively) in subjects with prolongedexercise when compared with control subjects. In moderate exercise, haptoglobin was significantly reduced (P< 0.05)while the reduction in the levels of caeruloplasmin and transferrin was not statistically significant when compared withcontrol subjects. The mean level of CRP was significantly raised in prolonged exercise compared with controls ormoderate exercise while the level of caeruloplasmin was significantly reduced in prolonged exercise compared withcontrols or moderate exercise.ConclusionModerate exercises should be encouraged.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4829_cc83071b4451964629963e6b08f6f7d7.pdf
2012-01-01
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10.22038/ijbms.2012.4829
Cardiovascular diseases
Exercises
Health benefits
Inflammation
Akinwande
Kazeem
1
Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-iwoye, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Akinosun
Olubayo
2
Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Arinola
Ganiyu
3
Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Stampfer M, Hu F, Manson J, Rimm E, Willett W. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Eng J Med 2000; 343:16-23.
1
2. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, Ades PA, Berra K, Blumenthal JA, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation as Secondary Preventio; Clinical Practice Guideline No. 17. Rockville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute;. ACHCPR Publication No. 1995.p. 96-0672.
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3. Spirduso WW. Physical fitness, aging, and psychomotor speed: a review. J Gerontol 1985; 35:850-865.
3
4. Martinsen EW, Medhus A, Sandvik L. Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1985; 291:109-116.
4
5. Nieman DC. Exercise and resistance to infection. Canada J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 76: 573-580.
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6. Arner P, Kriegholm E, Engfeldt P, Bolinder J. Adrenergic regulation of lipolysis in situ at rest and during exercise. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:893–898.
6
7. Adedapo KS, Akinosun OM, Odegbemi BO, Arinola OG, Adedeji OI. Plasma biochemical changes during moderate and vigorous exercises. Int J Sport Sci Eng. 2009; 3:73-76.
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8. Green DJ, Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol 2004; 561:1-25.
8
9. Jungersten L, Anneli A, Björn W, Åke W. Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82:760-764.
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10. Bode-Boger S, Boger R, Schroder E, Frolich J. Exercise increases systemic nitric oxide production in men. J Cardiovasc Risk 1994; 1:173-178.
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11. Gilligan DM, Panza JA, Kilcoyne CM, Waclawiw MA, Casino PR, Quyyumi AA. Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilation. Circulation 1994; 90:2853-2858.
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12. Morley JJ, Kushner I. Serum C-reactive protein levels in disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 389: 406-418.
12
13. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1376.
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14. Maes M, Delange J, Ranjan R. Acute phase proteins in schizophrenia, mania and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Res 1997; 66:1-11
14
15. Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnosk JS, Tannenbaum SR. Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite and (N-15N)-labelled nitrate in biological fluids. Ann Biochem 1982; 126:131-138.
15
16. Mackinnon LT. Advances in Exercise Immunology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books;1999.p.149–151.
16
17. Laudanska E, Gwuzdz A, Brudel G, Rajchet J. Evaluation of Griess reagent and TTC tests in obstetrics. Ginekol Pol 1970; 41:857-862.
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18. Arinola OG, Arowojolu A, Bamgboye A, Akinwale A, Adeniyi FAA.Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and acute phase proteins in Nigerian women with preeclampsia. Repr. Biol. 2006; 6: 265-274.
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19. Kobashigawa JA, Leaf DA, Gleeson MP. Benefit of cardiac rehabilitation in heart transplant patients: a randomized trial. J Heart Lung Transplant.1994; 90: S77.
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20. Ades PA, Waldmann ML, Gillespie C. A controlled trial of exercise training in older coronary patients. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci.1995; 50A: M7-M11
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21. Strachan AF, Noakes TD, Kotzenberg G, Nel AE, de Beer FC. C reactive protein concentrations during long distance running. Br Med J Clin Res 1984; 289:1249-1251.
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22. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO III, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 107:499–511.
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23. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1557–1565.
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24. LaManca JJ, Haymes EM. Effects of iron repletion on VO2max, endurance, and blood lactate in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 1386–1392.
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25. Puntum FW. Haptoglobin. In: The plasma proteins: Structure, function, and genetic control. 2nd Ed. (Puntum FW eds.), New York: Academic Press; 1975.
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26. Hanzawa K, Orihara K, Kubo K, Hiraga A, Watanade S. Changes of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of plasma with maximum exercises in young thoroughbred horses. Asian-Aus. J Anim Sci 2000; 13:152-155.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Theophylline-Ethylcellulose Microparticles: Screening of the Process and Formulation Variables for Preparation of Sustained Release Particles
Objective(s)
The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate microencapsulated controlled release preparations of
theophylline using ethylcellulose as the retardant material with high entrapment efficiency.
Materials and Methods
Microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil-in-oil (W/O1/O2) emulsion-solvent diffusion (ESD). A mixed
solvent system consisting of acetonitrile and dichloromethane in a 1:1 ratio and light liquid paraffin were
chosen as primary and secondary oil phases, respectively. In the current study formulations with different
drug/polymer ratios were prepared and characterized by drug loading, loading efficiency, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Results
The best drug to polymer ratio was 0.5:1 (F2 formulation). F2 Formulation showed 29.53% of entrapment,
loading efficiency of 88.59%, and mean particle size of 757.01 μm. SEM studies showed that the
microspheres were spherical. FTIR, SEM, XRD and DSC showed that drug in the microspheres was stable
and revealed crystallinity form.
Conclusion
The results showed that, generally, an increase in the ratio of drug to polymer resulted in a reduction in the
release rate of the drug which may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the polymer. The release of
theophylline was found to be diffusion controlled and was influenced by the drug to polymer ratio, loading
efficiency, and particle size. The in vitro release profile could be modified by changing various processing
and formulation parameters (as stirring rate, the volume of dispersing medium, and non-solvent
concentration) to give a controlled release of drug from the microparticules.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4830_77ea64fec1f31e163885d5b8e16a2ce8.pdf
2012-01-01
608
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10.22038/ijbms.2012.4830
Emulsion Solvent Diffusion (ESD)
Ethylcellulose
Release
Theophylline
Mitra
Jelvehgari
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Siavoush
Dastmalch
2
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Nazila
Derafshi
3
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Boushey HA. Bronchodilators and other agents used in Asthma. In: Basic and Clinical BG (Ed.), ? Lange Medical Book, 9th ed. New York: Pharmacology; 2004.p.310-312.
1
2. Vergote GJ, Vervate C, Driessche IV, Hoste S, Smedt SD, Demeester J, et al. An oral controlled release matrix pellet formulation containing nanocrystalline ketoprofen. Int J Pharm 2001; 219:81-87.
2
3. Haznedar S, Dortunc B. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of Eudragit microcapsules containing acetazolamide. Int J Pharm 2004; 269:131-140.
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4. Viswanathan B, Thomas PA, Pandit JK, Kulkarni MG, Mashelkar RA. Preparation of nonporous microcapsules with high entrapment of proteins by a (water-in-oil)-in oil emulsion technique. J Control Rel 1999; 58:9-20.
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5. Chowdary KPR, Kateshwara RN, Malathi K. Ethyl cellulose microcapsules of glypizide: Characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2004; 66:412-416.
5
6. Dean STH. Controlled release systems: Fabrication technology. 1988. vol.2.p.26-29.
6
7. Tasi YL, Jong CC, Chen H. Preparation of double-encapsulated microcapsules for mitigating drug loss and extending release. J Microencapsul 2001; 18:701-711.
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8. Chung Li. Preparation of ethylcellulose microcapsules containing theophylline by using emulsion non-solvent addition method. J Microencapsul 1995; 12:137-147.
8
9. Obeidat WM, Price JC. Evaluation of enteric matrix microcapsules prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation using scanning electron microscopy. J Microencapsul 2004; 21:47-57.
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10. Sprockel OL, Prapaitrakul W. A comparision of microencapsulation by various emulsion techniques. Int J Pharm 1990; 58:123-127.
10
11. Dash AK. Determination of the physical state of drug in microcapsule and microsphere formulations. J Microencapsul 1997; 14:101-112.
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12. David SJ, Kirsten JP. An investigation of the effects of some process variables on the microencapsulation of propranolol hydrochloride by the solvent evaporation method. Int J Pharm 1995; 118:199-205.
12
13. Das MK, Rao KR. Microencapsulation of Zidovidine by double emulsion solvent diffusion technique using ethylcellulose. Ind J Pharm Sci 2007; 69:244-250.
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14. Bagory IM, Honsy EA, Suwayeh SA, Mahrous GM, Jenoobi F. Effects of sphere size, polymer to drug ratio and plasticizer concentration on the release of theophylline from ethylcellulose microspheres. Saudi Pharm J 2007; 15:213-217.
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15. Dashevsky A, Zessin G. The effect of ethylcellulose molecular weight on the properties of theophylline microspheres. J Microencapsul 1997; 14:273-280.
15
16. Sudip KD. In vitro dissolution profile of theophylline loaded ethylcellulose microspheres prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1991; 17:2521-2528.
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17. Jelvehgari M, Nokhodchi A, Rezapour M, Valizadeh H. Effect of formulation and processing variables on the characteristics of microspheres of tolmetin sodium prepared by double emulsion solvent diffusion method. Ind J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:72–78.
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18. Moore JW. Mathematical comparison of dissolution profiles. Pharm Technol 1996; 20:64-74.
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19. Khan CA, Rhodes CT. The concept of dissolution efficiency. J Pharm Pharmacol 1975; 27:48–49.
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20. Kim BK, Hwang SJ, Park JB, Park HJ. Preparation and characterization of drug-loaded polymethacrylate microspheres by an emulsion solvent evaporation method. J Microencapsul 2002; 19: 811-822.
20
21. Rama RK, Prakash S, Das MK. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ethyl cellulose microspheres containing zidovudine. J Microencapsul 2005; 22:863-876.
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22. Youan BBC, Dckense LJ, Hernandez C, Ababio G. profiles and morphology of Protein release biodegradable microcapsules containing an oily core. J Control Release 2001; 76:313-326.
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23. Ogawa Y, Yamamoto M, Takada S, Okada H, Shimamoto T. A new technique to efficiently entrap leuprolide acetate into microcapsules of PLA or co-poly(lactic/glycolic) acid microcapsules: influence of molecular weight and copolymer ratio of polymer. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:1502-1505.
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24. Sunit Kumar S, Abdul Arif M, Barik BB, Prakash Ch S. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of eudragit® microspheres of stavudine. Trop J Pharm Res 2005; 4:369-375.
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25. WU JC, SU SG, Shyu SS. Effect of solvent-non-solvent pairs on the surface morphology and release behavior of ethycellulose microcapsules prepared by non-solvent-addition phase separation method. J Microencapsul 1994; 11:297-308.
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26. Chiao CS, Price JC. Formulation, preparation and dissolution characteristics of propranolol hydrochloride microspheres. J Microencapsul 1994; 11:153-159.
26
27. Avgerinos A, Malamataris S. Bioavailability of controlled release indomethacin microspheres and pellets. Int J Pharm 1990; 63:77-88.
27
28. Jalil R, Nixon P. Biodegradable poly(lactic acid)and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)microcapsules: problems associated with preparative techniques and release roperties. J Microencapsul 1990; 7:297-325.
28
29. Wade A, Weller PJ. Handbook of pharmaceutical excipients. 2nded. American Pharmaceutical Association and Pharmaceutical Society of great Britian; 1994.p.186-189.
29
30. Saravanan M, Bhaskar K, Srinivasa Rao G, Dhanaraju MD. Ibuprofen-loaded ethylcellulose/polystyrene microspheres: an approach to get prolonged drug release with reduced burst effect and low ethylcellulose content. J Microencapsul 2003; 20:89-302.
30
31. Dubernet C, Benoit JP, Peppas NA, Puisieux F. Ibuprofen-loaded ethylcellulose microspheres: release studies and analysis of the matrix structure through the Higuchi model. J Microencapsul 1990; 7: 555-565.
31
32. Tamilvanan S, Sa B. Studies on in vitro release behavior of indomethacin loaded polystyrene microparticles. Int J Pharm 2000; 201:187-197.
32
33. Nixon JR, Hassan M. The effect of preparative technique on the particle size of thiabendazole microcapsules. J Pharm Pharmacol 1980; 32:856-857.
33
34. Freytag T, Dashevsky A, Tillman L, Hardee GE, Bodmeier R. Improvement of the encapsulation efficiency of oligonucleotide-containing biodegradable microspheres. J Control Release 2000; 69:197–207.
34
35. JiaoY, Ubrich N, Marchand-Arvier M., Vigneron C, Hoffman M, Lecompte T, Maincent Ph. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of oral heparin–loaded polymeric nanoparticles in Rabbits Circul 2002; 105:230-235.
35
36. Pignatello R, Consoli P, Puglisi G. In vitro release kinetics of Tolmetin from tabletted eudragit microparticles. J Microencapsul 2000; 17:373-383.
36
37. Yuksel N, Kanik AE, Baykara T. Comparison of in vitro dissolution profiles by ANOVA-based, model dependent and independent methods. Int J Pharm 2000; 209:57-67.
37
38. Paulo C, Jose Mauel SL. Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:123-133.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Ultrastructural Changes of the Sertoli and Leydig Cells Following Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes
Objective(s)
This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of diabetes on the structure and function of testicular tissue.
Materials and Methods
Diabetes was induced in male adult rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Body and testicular weight, hormonal analyses, histological and ultrastructural analyses were measured.
Results
The body and testicular weights were dropped significantly (P< 0.05) in diabetic rats in comparison with control rats. On the other hand, in diabetic rats, the blood glucose level increased significantly (P< 0.05). The blood plasma levels of testosterone, 17-β estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH were reduced in diabetic rats. Histomorphological studies were revealed reduction in diameter of seminiferous tubules and germinal epithelium height, edema in interstitial tissue, germ cell depletion, decrease in cellular population and activity with disruption of spermatogenesis in diabetic rats. Ultrastructural study showed the mitochondrial change and reduction of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Sertoli and presence of lipid droplets in Leydig cells of diabetic rat’s testes.
Conclusion
The results of the present study confirmed that, the ultrastructural changes of Sertoli and Leydig cells, brought about by streptozotocin induced diabetes, because of the alterations in pituitary gonadotropins, and these changes influence the normal spermatogenesis in rats.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4831_5e4ad5635c2f4c42fb7b6693823b6e56.pdf
2012-01-01
623
635
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4831
Diabetes
Electron Microscopy
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Testis
Davoud
Kianifard
1
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Rajab Ali
Sadrkhanlou
2
Department of Basic Sciences, Histology and Embryology Sections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Shapour
Hasanzadeh
s.hasanzadeh@mail.urmia.ac.ir
3
Department of Basic Sciences, Histology and Embryology Sections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Yanardag R, Ozsoy-Sacan O, Bolkent S, Orak H, Karabulut-Bulan O. Protective effects of metformin treatment on the liver injury of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2005; 24: 129-135.
1
2. Cai L, Chen S, Evans T, Xi Deng D, Mukherjee K, Chakrabarti S. Apoptotic germ-cell death and testicular damage in experimental diabetes: prevention by endothelin antagonism. Urol Res 2000; 28: 342-347.
2
3. Orth JM, Murray FT, Bardin CW. Ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Anat Rec 1979; 195:415-430.
3
4. Kuhn-Velten N, Waldenburger D, Staib W. Evaluation of steroid biosynthetic lesions in isolated Leydig Cells from the testes of streptozotocin-diabetic Rats. Diabetology 1982; 23: 529-533.
4
5. Morimoto S, Mendoza-Rodriguez CA, Hiriat M, Larrieta ME, Vital P, Cerbon MA. Protective effect of testosterone on early apoptotic damage induced by streptozotocin in rat pancreas. J Endocrinol 2005; 187:217-224.
5
6. Oksanen A. Testicular lesions of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Horm Res 1975; 6:138-144.
6
7. Ballester J, Carmen Munoz M, Dominguez J, Rigau T, Guinovart JJ, Rodriguez-Gil J. Insulin-dependent diabetes affect testicular function by FSH- and LH-linked mechanisms. J Androl 2004; 25:706-719.
7
8. Ward DN, Bousfield GR, Moore KH. Gonadotropins. Reproduction in domestic animals. San Diego: California Academic Press; 1991. p.25-67.
8
9. Tesone M, Oliviera-Filho RM, Biella de Souza Valle L, Calvo JC, Baranao JLS, Foglia VG, et al. Androgen receptors in the diabetic rat. Diabetol 1980; 18:385-390.
9
10. Ozdemir O, Akalin PP, Baspinar N, Hatipoglu F. Pathological changes in the acute phase of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2009; 53:783-790.
10
11. Guneli E, Tugyan K, Ozturk H, Gumustekin M, Cilaker S, Uysal N. Effect of melatonin on testicular damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Eur Surg Res 2008; 40:354-360.
11
12. Navarro-Cassado L, Juncos-Tobarra MA, Chafer-Rudilla M, Iniguez de Onzono L, Blazquez-Cabrera JA, et al. Effect of experimental diabetes and STZ on male fertility capacity. Study in rats. J Androl 2010; 108:007260.
12
13. Cameron DF, Murray FT, Drylie DD.Interstitial compartment pathology and spermatogenic disruption in testes from impotent diabetic men. Anat Rec 1985; 213:53-62.
13
14. Steger RW, Rabe M. The effect of diabetes mellitus on endocrine and reproductive function. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997; 214:1-11.
14
15. Venkateswaran S, Pari L. Antioxidant effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 11:206-209.
15
16. Shetty G, Wilson G, Huhtaniemi I, Shuttlesworth GA, Reissmann T, Meistrich ML. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs and testosterone inhibits the recovery of spermatogenesis in irradiated rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141:1735-1745.
16
17. Andulla B, Varadacharyulu NCh. Antioxidant role of mulberry leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 338:3-10.
17
18. Hunt EL, Baily DW. The effects of alloxan diabetes on the reproductive system of young male rats. Acta Endocrinol 1961; 38:432- 440.
18
19. Howland BE, Zebrowski EJ. Serum and pituitary gonadotropins levels in alloxan-diabetic rats. Horm Metab Res 1974; 6: 121-124.
19
20. Kuhn-Velten N, Schermer R, Staib W. Effect of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia on androgen-binding protein in rat testis and epididymis. Diabetol 1984; 26:300-303.
20
21. Paz-Frenkel G, Homonnai ZT, Drasnin N, Sofer A, Kaplan R, Kraicer PF. Fertility of the streptozotocin-diabetic male rat. Andrologia 1978; 10:127-136.
21
22. Paz-Frenkel G, Homonnai ZT, Harell A, Kraicer PF. Improvement in the fertility of streptozotocin-diabetic male rats following treatment with insulin and human chorionic gonadotropin. Isr J Med Sci 1978; 14: 1073-1078.
22
23. Calvo JC, Valle LBS, Baranao JL, Teson M, Charreau EH. NADPH generating enzymes in Leydig cells from diabetic rats. Horm Metab Res 1979; 11:161-164.
23
24. Jackson FL, Hutson JC. Altered responses to androgen in diabetic male rats. Diabetes 1984; 33: 819-824.
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25. Murray FT, Cameron DF, Vogel RB, Thomas RG, Wyss HU, Zauner CW. The pituitary-testicular axis at rest and dring moderate exercise in male with diabetes mellitus and normal sexual function. J Androl 1988; 9:197-206.
25
26. Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer AA, Valassi E, Yialamas M, Elahi D, et al. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2636-2641.
26
27. Hutson JC, Stocco DM, Campbell GT, Wagoner J. Sertoli cell function in diabetic, insulin treated diabetic, and semi starved rats. Diabetes 1983; 32:112-116.
27
28. Sudha S, Valli G, Mary Julie P, Arunakaran J, Govindarajulu P, Balasu-Bramanian K. Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin treatment on the pituitary-testicular axis during sexual maturation in rat. Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107:14-20.
28
29. Khaki A, Nouri M, Fathiazad F, Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Rastgar H, Rezazadeh S. Protective effect of quercetin on spermatogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Med Plan. 2009; 8:57-64.
29
30. Cameron DF, Orth J, Murray FT. Morphological alteration in the testes from diabetic man and rat. Diabetes 1982; 31: 11A.
30
31. Rossi GI, Aeschlimann M. Morphometric studies of pituitary gland and testes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Andrologia 1982; 14:532-542.
31
32. Hassan G, Abdel Moneium T. Structural changes in the testes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Suez Canal Univ Med J. 2001; 4:17-25.
32
33. Williamson JR, Kilo C. Capillary basement membranes. Diabetes 1983; 32:96-100.
33
34.Anderson JE, Jones D, Penner SB, Thilveris JA. Primary hypoandrogenism in experimental diabetes in the Long-Evans rats. Diabetes 1987; 36:1104-1110.
34
35. Sanguinetti RE, Ogawa K, Kurohmaru M, Hayashi I. Ultrastructural changes in mouse Leydig cells after streptozotocin administration. Exp Anim 1995; 44:71-73.
35
36. Oztürk F, Gül M, Agkadir M, Yagmurca M. Histological alterations of rat testes in experimental diabetes. T Kin J Med Sci 2002; 22: 173-178.
36
37. Abdul – Ghani MA, Defronzo R. Mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes-an update. US Endocrinol 2008; 28-31.
37
38. Robinson R, Fritz I B. Metabolism of glucose by Sertoli cells in culture. Biol Reprod 1981; 24:1032-1041.
38
39. Jegou B. The Sertoli cell. Bailliere's Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1992; 6:273-311.
39
40. Hutson JC. Altered biochemical responses by rat Sertoli cells and peritubular cells cultured under stimulated diabetic conditions. Diabetologia 1984; 26:155-158.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues
Objective(s)
The primary objective of this study was to determine whether local and imported cigarette brands used in Iran, have elevated levels of metals or not. The produced data of cigarette brands are compared both with each other and with the existing brands in different countries.
Materials and Methods
In present study, nineteen various cigarettes brands were randomly purchased from the commercially available cigarettes in Iranian market (Birjand city) including local Iranian branded and imported cigarettes. All samples were analyzed for heavy metals, viz. Cd, ,Cu ,Co Ni, Zn and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted wet digestion method with nitric and perchloric acids.
Results
The observed average metals concentrations for cadmium in all cigarette brands was 2.71 and ranging 1.76 to 3.20, copper 9.7 (5.18-17.6), cobalt 4.42 with range of 2.57-6.49, nickel 17.93 (10.0-30), zinc 27.02 (18.1-42.2) and value for lead was 2.07 with range of 1.05 to 3.10 (µg/g dry weight) and mean metals content per cigarette was also measured. The produced data of imported and local cigarette brands are discussed and compared together and with studies from elsewhere.
Conclusion
The investigation may confirm that the level of metal contents in Iranian cigarettes is similar to the other parts of the world. However, the concentration of these metals was slightly higher in comparison with other investigation.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4832_9c45d6f817a528e40895cb7c78a33dc7.pdf
2012-01-01
636
644
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4832
Cigarette tobacco
health
Smoking
Toxic Metal
Alireza
Pourkhabbaz
1
Department of Environmental Science, Agriculture Faculty, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamidreza
Pourkhabbaz
2
Department of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Behbahan University, Behbahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Harun CFTC, Ölcucu A. Determination of iron, copper, cadmium and zinc in some cigarette brands in Turkey. Int J Sci Technol 2007; 2:29-32.
1
2. Menden EE, Elia Victor J, Michael Leslie W, Petering Harold G. Distribution of cadmium and nickel of tobacco during cigarette smoking. Environ Sci Tec 1972; 6:830.
2
3. Gál G, Hursthouse A, Tatner P, Stewart F, Welton R. Cobalt and secondary poisoning in the terrestrial food chain: Data review and research gaps to support risk assessment. Environ Int 2008; 34:821–838.
3
4. Gault N, Sandre C, Poncy JL, Moulin C, Lefaix JL, Bresson C. Cobalt toxicity: Chemical and radiological combined effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:92–98.
4
5. Tripathi P, Srivastava S. Mechanism to combat cobalt toxicity in cobalt resistant mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Indian J Microbiol 2007; 47:336–344.
5
6. Olayinka OK, Oyedeji OA, Oyeyiola OA. Removal of chromium and nickel ions from aqueous solution by adsorption on modified coconut husk. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2009; 3:286-293.
6
7. Shakya PR. Nickel adsorption by wild type and nickel resistant isolate of Chlorella sp. Pak J Anal Environ Chem 2007; 8:86–90.
7
8. Santon A, Albergoni V, Sturniolo GC, Irato P. Evaluation of MT expression and detection of apoptotic cells in LEC rate kidneys. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1688:223-231.
8
9. Ajab H, Yasmeen S, Yaqub A, Ajab Z, Junaid M., Siddique M., et al. Evaluation of trace metals in tobacco of local and imported cigarette brandfs used in Pakistan by spectrophotometer through microwave digestion. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:415-420.
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10. Petrucelli GA, Poppi RJ, Mincato RL, Pereira-Filho ER.TS-FF-AAS and multivariate calibration: a proposition for sewage sludge slurry sample analyses. Talanta 2007; 71:620-626.
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11. Andrade FP, Nascentes Clésia C,Costa Letícia M.Cadmium and lead cloud point preconcentration and determination in tobacco samples by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J Braz Chem Soc 2009; 20:1460-1466.
11
12. Regassa G. Investigation of metals in Ethiopian tobacco leaves and processed tobacco. Master thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2007.
12
13. Harrison RH, Laxen DPH. Human exposure to lead and its effect in lead pollution, causes and control. Chapman and Hall, New York.:1984.p.133-158.
13
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46. Janardhana RN, Kofod M, Isenbeck-Schröter M, Müaller G. Heavy metal content of Indian cigarettes. Toxicol Environ Chem 1999; 72:215-219.
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Safety Assessment of Ocimum Basilicum Hydroalcoholic Extract in Wistar Rats: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies
Objective(s)
Ocimum basilicum L. is widely used in folk medicine of many countries including Iran. Both O. basilicum and its oil extract have received considerable attention for their potential medicinal properties, but there are a few reports about possible toxicity of this plant. Therefore, in the present study, acute and subchronic toxicity of O. basilicum hydroalcohlic extract have been evaluated in Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods
For the acute toxicity assessment, five groups of 10 animals (5 male, 5 female) received four different single dose of extract orally, the animals were, then, kept under observation for 14 days. For subchronic toxicity, the animals were divided into four groups (5 male, 5 female) and were gavaged daily by 50, 200 and 500 mg/kg of extract. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption, and hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored during the study period. On the 45th day, animals were sacrificed and gross findings, weight of liver and left kidney and liver histological markers were assessed.
Results
The results of acute study indicated that LD50 of O. basilicum is higher than 5 mg/kg. In subchronic study, no adverse effects were observed on serum parameters in male and female rats. The hematological results showed a reduction in the hematocrit, platelets and RBC in both sexes. No abnormalities were observed in other parameters.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, present data suggest that hematologic system could serve as a target organ in oral toxicity of this plant.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4833_9f71d6cb80db080ef5e6005ecc49391d.pdf
2012-01-01
645
653
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4833
acute toxicity
Ocimum basilicum
Rats
Subchronic toxicity
Hamid Reza
Rasekh
1
School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Leila
Hosseinzadeh
hosinzadehl851@mums.ac.ir
2
School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soghra
Mehri
3
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kamli-Nejad
4
School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Aslani
5
School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farahnaz
Tanbakoosazan
6
School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Javanmardi J, Khalighi A, Kashi H, Vivanco J M. Chemical characterization of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) found in local accessions and used in traditional medicines in Iran. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:5878–5883.
1
2. Zeggwagh NA, Sulpice T, Eddouks M. Anti-hyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract in diabetic rats. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 2:123-129.
2
3. Akhtar MS, Munir M. Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerugenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27:163-171.
3
4. Ilhan K, Nazife Y, Mehlika B. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells by use of scanning electron microscopy. Afr J Trad CAM 2008; 5:363–369.
4
5. Dasgupta T, Rao AR, Yadava P K. Chemomodulatory efficacy of Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) on drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen-induced skin and forestomach papillomagenesis. Phytomedicine 2004; 11:139-151.
5
6. Stajkovic O, Tanja B, Dragana M, Slavisa S, Branka VG, Draga S, Jelena KV. Antimutagenic properties of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. Food Technol Biotechnol 2007; 45:213–217.
6
7. Capecka E, Mareczek A, Leja BM. Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry herbs of some Lamiaceae species. Food Chem 2005; 93:223–226.
7
8. Umar A, Imam G,Yimin W, Kerim P. Anti hypertensive effects of L. on blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hyperten Res 2010; 33:723-730.
8
9. Chopra R N, Nayar S L, Chopra I C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Delhi 1986.
9
10. Fandohan P, Gnonlonfin B, Laleye A. Gbenou J D, Darbou R, Moudachirou M. Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2493–2497.
10
11. Pereira A, Carvalho MC, Lima LM, Caputo LRG, Ferreira LR, Fiorini JE, Bastos JK. Toxicity of a subchronic treatment with hydroalcoholic crude extract from Solanum grandiflorum in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89:97–99.
11
12. Rasekh HR, Nazari P, Kamli-Nejad M, Hosseinzadeh L. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Galega officinalis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116:21–26.
12
13. Curtis D. Klassen.Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The basic science of poisons. 7th ed. Mc Graw Hill; 2007.
13
14. Raza M, Al-Shabanah OA, El-Hadiyah TM, Al-Majed AA. Effect of prolonged vigabatrin treatment on haematological and biochemical parameters in plasma, liver and kidney of Swiss albino mice. Scientia Pharmaceutica 2002; 70:135–145.
14
15. Orafidiya LO, Agbani EO, Iwalewa EO, Adelusola KA, Oyedapo OO. Studies on the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf. Phytomedicine 2004; 11:71–76.
15
16. Paul V, Tan A,Christophe MG, Enow-Orock , Njifutie N, Theophlie D, Pauline B. Teratogenic effects, acute and subchronic toxicity of the leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum suave Wild in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 115:232–237.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Prevalence of TEM and SHV Genes among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Objective(s)
Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) by enteric bacteria continues to be a major problem in hospitals and community. ESBLs producing bacteria cause many serious infections including urinary tract infections, peritonitis, cholangitis and intra-abdominal abscess. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBLs producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria isolated from clinical samples of patients attending Imam Reza and Ghaem University Hospitals, Mashhad, Northeast of Iran.
Materials and Methods
During 2009 and 2010, 82 strains of E. coli and 78 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from out-patients and hospitalized patients and they were examined by Oxoid combination disk test and PCR methods.
Results
We found that 43.9% of E. coli and 56.1% of K. pneumoniae produced ESBLs. The frequency of SHV and TEM among the ESBLs producing isolates were 14.4% and 20.6%, respectively. Ratios of ESBLs positive isolates from out-patients to hospitalized patients were 24/33.
Conclusion
This study shows that the prevalence of ESBLs producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae is high in both study groups (out-patients and hospitalized patients). Therefore it seems that continuous surveillance is essential to monitor the ESBLs producing microorganisms in hospitals and community.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4834_d70215a6fe97d02e2e06a9c7e0971ffe.pdf
2012-01-01
654
660
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4834
Escherichia coli
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
Klebsiella pneumonia
PCR
Prevalence
SHV gene
TEM gene
Fatemeh
Riyahi Zaniani
1
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Meshkat
meshkatz@mums.ac.ir
2
Women's Health Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahboubeh
Naderi Nasab
3
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrangiz
Khaje-Karamadini
4
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Kiarash
Ghazvini
5
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdolrahim
Rezaee
6
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Habibollah
Esmaily
7
Department of Biostatistics in Health Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1Maryam Sadat
Nabavinia
8
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahboubeh
Darban Hoseini
9
Microbiology and Virology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Kotra L, Samama J, Mobashery S. Beta-lactamases and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. NewYork: Marcel Decker; 2002. p.123-160.
1
2. Bradford PA. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century:characterization, epidemiology and the detection of this important resistance threat. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:933-951.
2
3. Kim YK, Pai H, Lee HJ, Park SE, Choi EH, Kim J, et al. Bloodstream infections by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in children: epidemiology and clinical outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:1481-1491.
3
4. Livermore DM. Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance.Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:557-584.
4
5. Behrooozi A, Rahbar M, Vand Yousefi J. Frequency of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebseilla pneumoniae isolated from urine in an Iranian 1000-bed tertiary care hospital. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010; 4:881-884.
5
6. Ramazanzadeh R, Farhadifar F, Mansouri M. Etiology and antibiotic resistance pattern of community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamas-producing gram negative isolates in Sanandaj. Res J Med Sci 2010; 4:243-247.
6
7. Kalematizadeh E. Determination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases bacteria in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mashhad: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; 2008.
7
8. Herna´ndez JR, Martı´nez-Martı´nez L, Canto´n R, Coque TM, Pascual A. Nationwide study of escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum -lactamases in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2122-2125.
8
9. Mansouri M,Ramazanzadeh R. Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Esherichia coli clinical isolates in Sanandaj hospitals. J Biol Sci 2009; 9:362-366.
9
10. Gniadkowski M. Evolution and epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and ESBL-producing microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; 7:597-608.
10
11. Schiappa DA, Hayden MK, Matushek MG, Hashemi FN, Sullivan J, Smith KY, et al. Ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: a case-control and molecular epidemiologic investigation. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:529-536.
11
12. Alcantar-Curiel D,Tinoco JC, Gayosso C, Carlos A, Daza C, Perez-Prado MC, et al. Nosocomial bacteremia and urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta -lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with plasmids carrying both SHV-5 and TLA-1 genes.Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1067-1074.
12
13. Sambrook J, Russell DW. Molecular cloning.3rd ed.New York (NY):Cold Spring Harbor; 2001.
13
14. M'Zali FH, Gascoyne-Binzi DM, Heritage J, Hawkey PM. Detection of mutations conferring extended-spectrum activity on SHV beta-lactamases using polymerase chain reaction single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37:797-802.
14
15. Shahcheragh iF,Nasiri S,Noveiri H.The Survey of Genes Encoding Beta-Lactamases, in Escherichia coli resistant to beta-lactam and non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2010; 13:230-237.
15
16. Goossens H. MYSTIC (Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection) results from Europe: comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities between countries and centre types. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46:39-52.
16
17. Varaiya A, Dogra J, Kulkarni M, Bhalekar P. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae n diabetic foot infection. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008; 26:281-282.
17
18. Yu WL,Chuang YC,Walther-Rasmussen J. Extendedspectrum β-lactamases in Taiwan: epidemiology, detection, treatment and infection control. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2006; 39:264-277.
18
19. Chaikittisuk N, Munsrichoom A. Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in children at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2007; 24:107-115.
19
20. Pai H. The characteristics of extended-spectrum β- lactamases in Korean isolates of Enterobactericeae. Yonsei Med J 1998; 39:514-519.
20
21. Jabeen K, Zafar A, Hasan R. Frequency and sensitivity pattern of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing isolates in a tertiary care hospital laboratory of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2005; 55:436-439.
21
22. Ullah F, Malik SA, Ahmed J. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and ESBLS prevallence in nosocomial Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in Pakistan. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8:3921-3926.
22
23. Fazly Bazzaz BS, Naderinasab M, Mohamadpoor AH, Farshadzadeh Z, Ahmadi S, Yousefi F. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among clinical isolates from a general hospital in Iran. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2009; 56:89-99.
23
24. Aminzadeh Z, Sadat KM, Sha'bani M. Bacteriuria by extendedspectrum Beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: isolates in a governmental hospital in South of Tehran, Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis 2008; 2:197-200.
24
25. Feizabadi MM, Etemadi G, Yadegarinia D, Rahmati M, Shabanpoor S, Bokaei S. Antibiotic-resistance patterns and frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tehran. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12:BR362-365.
25
26. Mehrgan H, Rahbar M. Prevalence of extended-spectrum betalactamase- producing Escherichia coli in a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:1471-1451.
26
27. Bell JM, Chitsaz M, Turnidge JD, Barton M, Walters LJ, Jones RN. Prevalence and significance of a negative extended-spectrum-lactamase (ESBL) confirmation test result after a positive ESBL screening test result for isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: Results from the SENTRY Asia-Pacific surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1478-1482.
27
28. Masjedian Jazi F, Valehi F, Talebi A, Rastegar Lari A. Molecular characterization of resistance to Extended - Spectrum antibiotics in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Iran J Med Microbiol 2007; 2:27-34 (In Persian).
28
29. Shahcheragh F, Nasiri S, Noveiri H. Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli. Iran J Clin Infect Dis 2009; 4:63-70.
29
30. Taşli H, Bahar IH. Molecular characterization of TEM- and SHV-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in hospital-based Enterobacteriaceae in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58:162-167.
30
31. Ramazanzadeh R. Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010; 4:1359-1362.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Molecular Identification of Rare Clinical Mycobacteria by Application of 16S-23S Spacer Region Sequencing
Objective(s)
In addition to several molecular methods and in particular 16S rDNA analysis, the application of a more discriminatory genetic marker, i.e., 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequence has had a great impact on identification and classification of mycobacteria. In the current study we aimed to apply this sequencing power to conclusive identification of some Iranian clinical strains of mycobacteria.
Materials and Methods
The test strains consisted of nineteen mycobacterial isolates which were initially identified by the use of conventional phenotypic techniques and molecular methods and subjected to further definitive identification using the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing.
Results
Out of 19 studied strains, 7 isolates were found to be rapidly growing and 12 isolates as slowly growing mycobacteria. With the exception of one isolate, i.e., the isolate HNTM87, which yielded a distinct ITS sequence incomparable with all previously identified mycobacteria, the remaining isolates produced the sequences similar to the established mycobacteria and were clearly identified and differentiated from closely related taxa. A phylogenetic tree based on maximum parsimony analysis of 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequences constructed showing the relatedness of Iranian clinical isolates with the closely related type species of mycobacteria.
Conclusion
This study showed that the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene of the genus Mycobacterium exhibits a high variation which is of value for discriminating closely related taxa and could be used independently or in combination with 16S rDNA sequencing to delineate the true identity of rare mycobacterial species.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4835_f851e2cc983dd8d58a317983417a23fe.pdf
2012-01-01
661
668
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4835
Internal Transcribed Spacer
Mycobacterium
Sequence Analysis
Hasan
Shojaei
hasanshojaei@msn.com
1
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abodolrazagh
Hashemi
2
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Parvin
Heidarieh
3
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
AUTHOR
Fazel
Pourahmad
4
Microbiology Group, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abass
Daei Naser
5
School of Veterinary Medicine, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Katoch VM. Infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Indian J Med Res 2004; 120:290-304.
1
2. Patel JB, Leonard DG, Pan X, Musser JM, Berman RE, Nachamkin I. Sequence-based identification of Mycobacterium species using the MicroSeq 500 16S rDNA bacterial identification system. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:246-251.
2
3. Lebrun L, Espinasse F, Poveda JD, Vincent-Levy-Frebault V. Evaluation of nonradioactive DNA probes for identification of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2476-2478.
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4. De BH, Liang Z, De RP, Van EC, Portaels F. Detection and identification of mycobacteria by DNA amplification and oligonucleotide-specific capture plate hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2994-2998.
4
5. Tortoli E, Nanetti A, Piersimoni C, Cichero P, Farina C, Mucignat G, et al. Performance assessment of new multiplex probe assay for identification of mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1079-1084.
5
6. Kim H, Kim SH, Shim TS, Kim MN, Bai GH, Park YG, et al. PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA)-algorithm targeting 644 bp heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) gene for differentiation of Mycobacterium spp. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 62:199-209.
6
7. Lee H, Park HJ, Cho SN, Bai GH, Kim SJ. Species identification of mycobacteria by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rpoB gene. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2966-2971.
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8. Rogall T, Wolters J, Flohr T, Bottger EC. Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1990; 40:323-330.
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9. Ben Salah I, Adékambi T, Raoult D, Drancourt M. rpoB sequence-based identification of Mycobacterium avium complex species. Microbiology 2008; 154:3715-3723.
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10. Adékambi T, Drancourt M. Dissection of phylogenetic relationships among 19 rapidly growing Mycobacterium species by 16S rRNA, hsp65, sodA, recA and rpoB gene sequencing. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:2095-2105.
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11. Roth A, Fischer M, Hamid ME, Michalke S, Ludwig W, Mauch H. Differentiation of phylogenetically related slowly growing mycobacteria based on 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer sequences. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:139-147.
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12. Roth A, Reischl U, Streubel A, Naumann L, Kroppenstedt RM, Habicht M, et al. Novel diagnostic algorithm for identification of mycobacteria using genus-specific amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer and restriction endonucleases. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1094-1104.
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13. Lee HK, Lee SA, Lee IK, Yu HK, Park YG, Hyun Jw, et al. Mycobacterium paraseoulense sp. nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic species related genetically to Mycobacterium seoulense. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:439-43.
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14. Kent PT, Kubica GP. Public health mycobacteriology: a guide for the level III laboratory. Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta: Ga.; 1985.
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15. Khan IU, Yadav JS. Development of a single-tube, cell lysis-based, genus-specific PCR method for rapid identification of mycobacteria: optimization of cell lysis, PCR primers and conditions, and restriction pattern analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:453-457.
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16. Shojaei H, Heidarieh P, Hashemi A, Feizabadi MM, Daei Naser A. Species identification of neglected nontuberculous mycobacteria in a developing country. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011;64(4):265-71.
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17. Pitcher DG, Saunders NA, Owen RJ. Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989; l 8:151-158.
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18. Jeon YS, Chung H, Park S, Hur I, Lee JH, Chun J. jPHYDIT: a JAVA-based integrated environment for molecular phylogeny of ribosomal RNA sequences. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:3171-3173.
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19
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22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Different Expression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK) 1/2 and Phospho-Erk Proteins in MBA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Cells after Chemotherapy with Doxorubicin or Docetaxel
Objective(s)
Curative treatment of breast cancer patients using chemotherapy often fails as a result of intrinsic or acquired resistance of the tumor to the drug. ERK is one of the main components of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, which mediates signal from cell surface receptors to transcription factors to regulate different gene expression. In this study, cytotoxicity and the expression of Erk1/2 and phospho-ERK was compared in MDA-MB-231 (ER-) and MCF-7 (ER+) cell lines after treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) or docetaxel (DOCT).
Materials and Methods
Cell cytotoxicity of DOX or DOCT was calculated using MTT assay. Immonofluorescent technique was used to show MDR-1 protein in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells after treatment with DOX or DOCT. The expression of ERK1/2 and phpspho-ERK was assayed with immunoblotting.
Results
Comparing IC50 values showed that MDA-MB-231 cells are more sensitive than MCF-7 cells to DOX or DOCT. Immonofluorescent results confirmed the expression of MDR-1 in these two cell lines after DOX or DOCT treatment. In MDA-MB-231 cells the expression of ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK was decreased after DOX treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast in MCF-7 cells the expression of ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK was increased after DOX treatment. DOCT treatment demonstrated the same result with less significant differences than DOX.
Conclusion
The heterogeneity seen in cell lines actually reflects the heterogeneity of breast cancers. That is why, patients categorized in one group respond differently to a single treatment. These results emphasize the importance of a more accurate classification and a more specific treatment of breast cancer subtypes.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4836_5b130a6ccb2b082e45507524a86837d2.pdf
2012-01-01
669
677
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4836
Breast Cancer
Docetaxel
Doxorubicin
MCF-7
MDA-MB-231
Phospho-ERK
Aliakbar
Taherian
alt365@mail.usask.ca
1
Kashan Anatomical Research Centre, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tahereh
Mazoochi
2
Kashan Anatomical Research Centre, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
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6. Humber CE, Tierney JF, Symonds RP, Collingwood M, Kirwan J, Williams C, et al. Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a systematic review of Cochrane collaboration. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:409-420.
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10. Lyseng-Williamson KA, Fenton C. Docetaxel: a review of its use in metastatic breast cancer. Drugs 2005; 65:2513-2531.
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11. Yvon AM, Wadsworth P, Jordan MA. Taxol suppresses dynamics of individual microtubules in living human tumor cells. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:947-959.
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12. Coley HM, Labeed FH, Thomas H, Hughes MP. Biophysical characterization of MDR breast cancer cell lines reveals the cytoplasm is critical in determining drug sensitivity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1770:601-608.
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17. McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, Lee JT, Chang F, Bertrand FE, et al. Roles of the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathways in malignant transformation and drug resistance. Adv Enzyme Regul 2006; 46:249-279.
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18. Brantley-Finley C, Lyle CS, Du L, Goodwin ME, Hall T, Szwedo D, et al. The JNK, ERK and p53 pathways play distinct roles in apoptosis mediated by the antitumor agents vinblastine, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:459-469.
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19. Sebolt-Leopold JS. Development of anticancer drugs targeting the MAP kinase pathway. Oncogene 2000; 19:6594-6599.
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24. Tong D, Czerwenka K, Sedlak J, Schneeberger C, Schiebel I, Concin N, et al. Association of in vitro invasiveness and gene expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, pS2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 56:91-97.
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26. Broxterman HJ, Gotink KJ, Verheul HM. Understanding the causes of multidrug resistance in cancer: a comparison of doxorubicin and sunitinib. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:114-126.
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33. McDonald SL, Stevenson DA, Moir SE, Hutcheon AW, Haites NE, Heys SD, et al. Genomic changes identified by comparative genomic hybridisation in docetaxel-resistant breast cancer cell lines. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1086-1094.
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34. Fite A, Goua M, Wahle KW, Schofield AC, Hutcheon AW, Heys SD. Potentiation of the anti-tumour effect of docetaxel by conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) in breast cancer cells in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77:87-96.
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45. Blanquart C, Karouri SE, Issad T. Implication of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in MCF-7 cell proliferation and resistance to 4-OH tamoxifen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:748-753.
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47. Navolanic PM, Steelman LS, McCubrey JA. EGFR family signaling and its association with breast cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2003; 22:237-252.
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48
49. Ross JS, Linette GP, Stec J, Clark E, Ayers M, Leschly N, et al. Breast cancer biomarkers and molecular medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2003; 3:573-585.
49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of PER-1- type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamaes in Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Tabriz, Iran
Objective(s) The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of PER-1-type ESBLs in drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Materials and Methods During one-year period (2008-2009), following isolation and identification of 56 P. aeruginosa, the E-test method was performed for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration of ceftazidim. The isolates that they had MIC≥16 µg/ml against ceftazidim were used for determination of ESBL-producing by combined disk test (CDT) and double disk synergy test (DDST) methods. Bla PER-1genewas investigated by PCR.P. aeruginosa KOAS was used as positive control. Results Twenty-nine (51.78%) out of fifty six isolates had MIC≥16 µg/ml to ceftazidime, twenty two (75.86%) of them were ESBL producers. Some isolates (27.5%) contained bla PER-1 gene. Conclusion PER-1-type ESBLs producing P.aeruginosa has not been reported previously in Tabriz but there has been a rather high prevalence of it.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4837_5c53f606ad6a15dbe1e4636399d9e262.pdf
2012-01-01
678
682
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4837
Combined Disk Test
Double Disk Synergy Test
Extended- Spectrum Beta- Lactamase
PER-1gene
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mohammad Taghi
Akhi
akhim@tbzmed.ac.ir
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and *Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yones
Khalili
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and *Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Ghottaslou
3
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and *Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Aghazadeh
aghazadem59@yahoo.com
4
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and *Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad hosein
Seroush Bar Haghi
5
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and *Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Saber
Yousefi
dr.rasoul_mohammadi@yahoo.com
6
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Urmia University of Medical Science
AUTHOR
1. Li XZ, Ma D, Livermore DM, Nikaido H. Role of efflux pump (s) in intrinsic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and norfloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1742-1752.
1
2. Jarlier V, Nicolas MH, Fournier G, Philippon A. Extended broad – spectrum β- lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer β- lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10: 867-878.
2
3. Weldhagen GF, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: novel developments and clinical impact. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2385-2392.
3
4. Nordmann P, Naas T. Sequence analysis of PER-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and comparison with class A beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 104-114.
4
5. Vahaboglu H, Oztürk R, Aygün G, Coşkunkan F, Yaman A, Kaygusuz A, et al. Widespread detection of PER-1-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among nosocomial Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Turkey: a nationwide multicenter study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2265-2269.
5
6. MacFaddin JF.Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. 3rded. New York : Liooincott Williams AND Wilkins; 2000.p.689-690,705-771.
6
7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Document M10 – S15.CLSI. Wayne, PA, USA, 2005.
7
8. Naas T, Nordmann P, Heidt A. Intercountry transfer of PER-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii from Romania. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 226–228.
8
9. Akhi MT, Farzaneh F, Oskouei M. Study of enterococcal susceptibility patterns isolated from clinical specimens in Tabriz, Iran. Pak J Med Sci 2009; 25:211- 216.
9
10. Mirsalehian A, Feizabadi M, Nakhjavani FA, Jabalameli F, Goli H, Kalantari N. Detection of VEB-1, OXA-10 and PER-1 genotypes in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients. Burns 2009; 36:70- 74.
10
11. Lee S, Park YJ, Kim M, Lee HK, Han K, Kang CS, et al. Prevalence of Ambler class A and D beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:122-127.
11
12. Rossolini GM, Mantengoli E. Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:17-32.
12
13. Celenza G, Pellegrini C, Caccamo M, Segatore B, Amicosante G, Perilli M. Spread of bla (CTX-M-type) and bla (PER-2) beta-lactamase genes in clinical isolates from Bolivian Hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:975-978.
13
14. Chayakulkeeree M, Junsriwong P, Keerasuntonpong A, Tribuddharat C, Thamlikitkul V. Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli at Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, 2003. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005; 36:1503-1509.
14
15. Kolayli F, Gacar G, Karadenizli A, Sanic A, Vahaboglu H; Study Group. PER-1 is still widespread in Turkish Hospitals among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 249:241-245.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mutation Analysis of TP53 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Colorectal Cancer in Patients from Iran (Kerman Province)
Objective(s)
P53 is an important tumor suppressor, which is mutated in later stages of many cancers and leads to resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to reveal mutations of TP53 in colorectal cancer in Kerman province.
Materials and Methods
A total of Forty-three colon cancer specimens as paraffin block or fresh tissues, which passed stage IIIA, were selected. Three exons 5, 7 and 8 of P53 were amplified by PCR technique and sequenced directly.
Results
The results showed two deletions at codon 140 and 142 in one tumor sample. GAT→AAT mutation at codon 184, and CGG→TGG mutation at codon 248 were seen in some tumor samples. Some mutations were also observed in middle of intron 7 in some tumor or normal tissues.
Conclusion
Some of those patients with mutation in P53 gene had metastasis in other organs. Therefore, genetic test before chemotherapy is helpful for successful treatment.
https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_4838_7af6b2d7fcd7f8000bf8a570af265ecf.pdf
2012-01-01
683
690
10.22038/ijbms.2012.4838
Colorectal cancer
Point mutation
tp35 tumor suppressor gene
Azadeh
Lohrasbi Nejad
1
Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Environmental Sciences, International Centre for Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Mehdi
Yaghoobi
yaghoobim@icst.ac.ir
2
Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute for Environmental Sciences, International Centre for Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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38