Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Potential fluoride toxicity from oral medicaments: A review841848910410.22038/ijbms.2017.9104ENRizwan UllahDepartment of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PakistanMuhammad Sohail ZafarDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, PakistanNazish ShahaniDepartment of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PakistanJournal Article20170805The beneficial effects of fluoride on human oral health are well studied. There are numerous studies demonstrating that a small amount of fluoride delivered to the oral cavity decreases the prevalence of dental decay and results in stronger teeth and bones. However, ingestion of fluoride more than the recommended limit leads to toxicity and adverse effects. In order to update our understanding of fluoride and its potential toxicity, we have described the mechanisms of fluoride metabolism, toxic effects, and management of fluoride toxicity. The main aim of this review is to highlight the potential adverse effects of fluoride overdose and poorly understood toxicity. In addition, the related clinical significance of fluoride overdose and toxicity has been discussed. Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Frequency of bap and cpaA virulence genes in drug resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and their role in biofilm formation849855910510.22038/ijbms.2017.9105ENArezoo FallahImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranMohammad Ahangarzadeh RezaeeImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranInfectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranAlka HasaniInfectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranMohammad Hossein Soroush BarhaghiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranHossein Samadi KafilDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> has a high propensity to form biofilm and frequently causes medical device-related infections with multiple-drug-resistance in hospitals. The aim of this work is to study antimicrobial resistance and the role of<em> bap</em> and <em>cpaA</em> genes in biofilm formation by <em>A.</em> <em>baumannii</em> to understand how this pathogen persists in the hospital environment.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Theantibiotic resistance profile and <em>in</em> <em>vitro</em> biofilm-forming ability of one hundred clinical isolates of <em>A. baumannii</em> was evaluated by disc diffusion and crystal-violet staining methods, respectively. Isolates were tested for the presence of <em>bap</em> and <em>cpaA</em> genes.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The isolates were highly resistant to cefepime, third-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, aminoglycosides and carbapenems. Moreover, four isolates were resistant to colistin. Quantification of biofilm showed that 43% of the isolates were strong biofilm-producer. Furthermore, 32% of the isolates exhibited moderate biofilm-formation and showed initial binding activity. Frequency of <em>bap</em> and <em>cpaA</em> were determined 92% and 36%, respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> There was strong association between the presence of <em>bap</em> gene and biofilm formation by <em>A. baumannii</em> isolates (<em>P</em>=0.003). In addition, multidrug resistant isolates produced stronger biofilm than other isolates (<em>P</em>=0.0001). These results indicate importance of biofilm in resistance of isolates and effect of presence of <em>bap</em> gene in biofilm formation by <em>A. baumannii </em>strains.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Effects of genistein and swimming exercise on spatial memory and expression of microRNA 132, BDNF, and IGF-1 genes in the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats856862910610.22038/ijbms.2017.9106ENParisa HabibiNeuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranShirin BabriDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranNasser AhmadiaslNeuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranHadi YousefiNeuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of genistein and exercise on the spatial memory and expression of microRNA-132, BDNF, and IGF-1 in the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Sixty animals were divided into six groups of control, sham, ovariectomy (OVX), ovariectomized with 8 weeks of genistein administration (OVX.G), with 8 weeks of swimming training (OVX.E), and with 8 weeks of both of them (OVX.G.E). The effect of genistein and/or exercise was evaluated by measuring microRNA-132, BDNF, and IGF-1 expression levels in the hippocampus tissue. Grafts were analyzed using Real-time polymerase chain reaction for microRNA-132, BDNF, IGF-1, and spatial memory via a Morris water maze (MWM).<br /> <strong><em> Results: </em></strong>Our findings showed that ovariectomy decreased the expression of microRNA-132, BDNF, and IGF-1 in the hippocampus (<em>P</em><em><</em>0.05) in comparison with the sham group as well as performance in the water maze (<em>P</em><0.05). Also according to results ovariectomized groups that were treated with genistein/exercise or both of them showed significant difference in expression of microRNA-132, BDNF, and IGF-1 in the hippocampus (<em>P</em><0.05) and decreased latency in MWM (<em>P</em><0.05) compared with the OVX group but combination treatment was more effective in the OVX.G.E group in comparison with OVX.E and OVX.G groups. <br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Overall our results emphasized that combination treatment with genistein and exercise could improve microRNA-132, BDNF, and IGF-1 expression in the hippocampus as well as the spatial memory of ovariectomized rats. These effects may have beneficial impacts on the menopausal period.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801TRPV1 receptor-mediated expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats863869910710.22038/ijbms.2017.9107ENElham HakimizadehPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranAli ShamsizadehPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran0000-0001-8329-9156Ali RoohbakhshPharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMohammad Kazemi ArababadiDepartment of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranMohammad Reza HajizadehMolecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranMehdi ShariatiDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranIman FatemiPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranAmir Moghadam-ahmadiDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranGholamreza BazmandeganPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran0000-0002-5379-5623Hossein RezazadehPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranMohammad AllahtavakoliPhysiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Stroke is known as a main cause of mortality and prolonged disability in adults. Both transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in mediating the inflammatory responses. In the present study, the effects of TRPV1 receptor activation and blockade on stroke outcome and gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were assessed following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: sham, vehicle, AMG9810 (TRPV1 antagonist) -treated and capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) -treated. For Stroke induction, the middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded and then behavioral functions were evaluated 1, 3 and 7 days after stroke.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> TRPV1 antagonism significantly reduced the infarct volume compared to the stroke group. Also, neurological deficits were decreased by AMG9810 seven days after cerebral ischemia. In the ledged beam-walking test, the slip ratio was enhanced following ischemia. AMG9810 decreased this index in stroke animals. However, capsaicin improved the ratio 3 and 7 days after cerebral ischemia. Compared to the sham group, the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly increased in the stroke rats. AMG9810 Administration significantly reduced the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. However, capsaicin did not significantly affect the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Our results demonstrated that TRPV1 antagonism by AMG9810 attenuates behavioral function and mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Thus, it might be useful to shed light on future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Investigation of the relationship between the Th17/IL-23 pathway and innate-adaptive immune system in TNBS-induced colitis in rats870879910810.22038/ijbms.2017.9108ENİhsan KarabogaNamik Kemal University, School of Health, 59030, Tekirdag, TurkeySelim DemirtasUniversity of Trakya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology- Embryology, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, TurkeyTuran KaracaUniversity of Trakya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology- Embryology, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, TurkeyJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: This study was aimed at investigating immune activations of the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model in colonic mucosa by immunohistochemical and Western blot methods.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>For this purpose, 16 female Wistar albino rats were divided into two random groups of control (n=8) and colitis (n=8). The experimental colitis model was induced by intracolonic administration of TNBS (25 mg/rat). Control animals received only rectal saline for the same time. The animals were sacrificed on the 15<sup>th</sup> day after TNBS administration, and colon tissue was removed and examined morphologically. Colon samples were stained immunohistochemically with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD5, anti-CD8, anti-CD11b, anti-CD45, anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17, anti-IL-22 and anti-IL-23 antibodies. Additionally, the colonic tissue IL-17 and IL-22 expressions were examined by the Western blot method.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In the experimental results, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in body weight and an increase in colon weight in the colitis group when comparing initial experiments. The colon tissue ulcerations, inflammation, crypt loss and Goblet cell loss were observed in the colitis group in microscopic examinations. The immunohistochemical positive cell numbers significantly increased in the colitis group. The immunoreactive lymphocytes in the propria, intracryptal and submucosal layers were found to be increased in the colitis group of rats. In addition, IL-17 and IL-23 expressions were increased in colitis colon mucosa found by Western blot analysis.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The Th17/IL-23 pathway and IL-22 serve important roles in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, and will be further examined by study.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801UGT1A1 gene linkage analysis: application of polymorphic markers rs4148326/rs4124874 in the Iranian population880885910910.22038/ijbms.2017.9109ENZakiye NadealiDivision of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranSadeq VallianDivision of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Mutations in the UGT1A1 gene are responsible for hyperbilirubinemia syndromes including Crigler-Najjar type 1 and 2 and Gilbert syndrome. In view of the genetic heterogeneity and involvement of large numbers of the disease causing mutations, the application of polymorphic markers in the UGTA1 gene could be useful in molecular diagnosis of the disease.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong>In the present study, two polymorphic markers including rs4148326 and rs4124874 in the UGT1A1 gene region were characterized. The markers were selected using bioinformatics analysis of the UGT1A1 gene region and genotyped in 212 unrelated healthy individuals and 13 family trios in the Iranian population using Tetra-Primer ARMS PCR technique. The allele frequency and population status of the alleles were estimated using GENEPOP, FBAT, PowerMarker and Arlequin software.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results indicated that in the case of rs4148326 marker, allele frequency for T and C allele was 66.04% and 33.96%, respectively. For rs4124874 marker, allele frequency for G and T alleles was 39.4% and 60.6%, respectively. The values of heterozygosity index for the markers examined were 64.1 for rs4148326 and 72.1 for rs4124874, respectively. The haplotype estimation analysis of the markers resulted in three informative haplotypes with frequencies ≥0.05. Moreover, the results suggested the presence of linkage disequilibrium between two markers.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Altogether, the data suggested that rs4148326 and rs4124874 could be introduced as informative markers for molecular diagnosis of Crigler-Najjar type 1 and 2 and Gilbert syndrome in the Iranian population.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Protective effects of erythropoietin against cuprizone-induced oxidative stress and demyelination in the mouse corpus callosum886893911010.22038/ijbms.2017.9110ENIraj Ragerdi KashaniDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHossein ChavoshiDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranParichehr PasbakhshDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMahmoud HassaniDepartment of Medical Nanotechnologies, School of Advanced Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAmeneh OmidiDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranReza MahmoudiCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IranCordian BeyerFaculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWth Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyAdib ZendedelFaculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWth Aachen University, Aachen, GermanyJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Increasing evidence in both experimental and clinical studies suggests that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The aim of the present work is to investigate the protective effects of erythropoietin against cuprizone-induced oxidative stress.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Adult male C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow containing 0.2 % cuprizone for 6 weeks. After 3 weeks, mice were simultaneously treated with erythropoietin (5,000 IU/ kg body weight) by daily intraperitoneal injections.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Our results showed that cuprizone induced oxidative stress accompanied with down-regulation of subunits of the respiratory chain complex and demyelination of corpus callosum. Erythropoietin antagonized these effects. Biochemical analysis showed that oxidative stress induced by cuprizone was regulated by erythropoietin. Similarly, erythropoietin induced the expression of subunits of the respiratory chain complex over normal control values reflecting a mechanism to compensate cuprizone-mediated down-regulation of these genes.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The data implicate that erythropoietin abolishes destructive cuprizone effects in the corpus callosum by decreasing oxidative stress and restoring mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Dihydrotestosterone, a robust promoter of osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation: understanding of time-mannered and dose-dependent control of bone forming cells894904911110.22038/ijbms.2017.9111ENHnin Ei ThuDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, MalaysiaIsa Naina MohamedDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, MalaysiaZahid HussainDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, MalaysiaAhmad Nazrun ShuidDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, MalaysiaJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: The present study was aimed to evaluate the time-mannered and dose-dependent effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) on the proliferation and differentiation of bone forming cells using MC3T3-E1 cells.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS and phase contrast microscopic assays. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through a series of <em>in vitro</em> experiments including crystal violet staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Van Gieson (VG) staining. Taken together, the efficiency of bone mineralization was examined by using alizarin red s (ARS) staining, Von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The resulting data revealed that 5α-DHT exhibits promising potential particularly at a dose of 0.1 ng/ml, in promoting the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to the control group (CN). Moreover, a significantly higher ALP activity was evident in the experimental group treated with 5α-DHT compared to the CN group at various time intervals. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 5α-DHT also expressed a remarkably higher collagen deposition and mineralization (calcium and phosphate contents) compared to the CN group at various time intervals.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Conclusively, we suggest that 5α-DHT exhibits outstanding potential of promoting proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts which could be the <em>in vitro</em> basis for the efficacy of 5α-DHT in the treatment of androgen-deficient male osteoporosis.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Rapamycin protects testes against germ cell apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by testicular ischemia-reperfusion905911911210.22038/ijbms.2017.9112ENMorteza Ghasemnejad-berenjiDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical SciencesExperimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical SciencesMahmoud Ghazi-KhansariDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranIraj YazdaniDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranExperimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSeyed Soheil Saeedi SaraviDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranExperimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranMaliheh NobakhtDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAlireza AbdollahiDepartment of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5714-967xJavad Mohajer AnsariDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHojjat Ghasemnejad-berenjiDepartment of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSarvin PashapourDepartment of Pathology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IranAhmad Reza DehpourDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranExperimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>:Rapamycin is an immunosuppressant compound with a broad spectrum of pharmaco-logical activities. In recent years, it has been used successfully to decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury in several organ systems. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of rapamycin on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control (group1), sham-operated (Group2), T/D + DMSO as vehicle group (group3), and groups 4–6; respectively received 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mgkg<sup>-1</sup> of rapamycin , IP 30 min before detorsion. Ischemia was achieved by twisting the right testis 720<sup>o </sup>clockwise for 1 hr. The right testis of 6 animals from each group were excised 4 hr after detorsion for the measurement of lipid peroxidation, caspase-3, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Histopathological changes and germ cell apoptosis were determined by measuring mean of seminiferous tubules diameters (MSTD) and TUNEL test in right testis of 6 animals per group, 24 hr after detorsion.<br /> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong>Testicular T/D caused increases in the apoptosis, malondialdehyde (MDA), and caspase-3 levels and decreases in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in ipsilateral testis (<em>P</em><0.001). The rats treated with rapamycin had significant decreases in the MDA and caspase-3 levels and significant increases in the SOD, CAT and GPx activities in ipsilateral testis compared with the T/D group (<em>P</em><0.001); germ cell apoptosis was decreased, and MSTD was improved.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Rapamycin administration during testicular torsion decreased ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cellular damage.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Detection of tetracycline resistance genes, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and coagulase gene typing of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in the Southwest of Iran912919911410.22038/ijbms.2017.9114ENSeyed Sajjad KhoramroozCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran0000-0002-6215-1619Samin Alipoor DolatabadDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranFatemeh Mostafapour DolatabadDepartment of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj Branch, Yasooj, IranMasoud MarashifardStudent Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IranMehdi MirzaiiSchool of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran0000-0000-0000-0000Hossein DabiriDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAzam HaddadiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, IranSeyed Mohammadreza RabaniBeheshti Teaching Hospital, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IranHamid Reza Ghaffarian ShiraziCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, IranDavood Darban-SarokhalilDepartment of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: The aim of the present study was to determine the aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) encoded genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and the <em>coa </em>based typing of <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>isolates in the Southwest of Iran.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong>Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was carried out by agar disk diffusion methods. Two sets of multiplex PCR mixture were used for detection of AME genes and <em>tet</em> genes. All of the isolates were typed with the coagulase gene typing method. Of the 121 isolates, 29.75% and 47.93% were resistant to at least one aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong>The <em>aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'') </em>was the most frequent gene (97.22%), and <em>aph (3')-IIIa</em> and <em>ant (4')-Ia</em> genes were detected in 61.11% and 11.11% of aminoglycoside resistant isolates, respectively. The <em>tet</em>K and <em>tet</em>M genes were detected in 82.75% and 56.9% of tetracycline resistant isolates, respectively. Overall 31.4% of isolates were MRSA. Totally 17 distinct <em>coa</em> gene RFLP patterns, numbered C1 to C17, were observed. The C5 was the most frequent <em>coa</em> type with 31 isolates.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The <em>aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')</em> and <em>aph (3')-IIIa</em> genes were the most important genes contributing to aminoglycosides resistance, while resistance to tetracyclines was mediated by <em>tet</em>K and <em>tet</em>M genes<em>. </em>Interestingly all <em>S. aureus </em>with C5 as the most prevalent <em>coa</em>-type were resistant to at least one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and tetracycline simultaneously. Moreover, 30 out of 31 isolates with this <em>coa</em> type were MRSA, indicating the importance of the C5 <em>coa</em>-type in MRSA strains and also in isolates that were resistant to aminoglycosides and tetracycline.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Antigenic and immunogenic evaluation of Helicobacter pylori FlaA epitopes920926911510.22038/ijbms.2017.9115ENMansoor ZareiDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranGhasem MosayebiDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran0000-0003-3877-0783Behzad KhansarinejadDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranHamid AbtahiMolecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>are among most common human pathogens affecting at least half of the world’s population. Mobility is one of the important primary factors in bacterial colonization and invasion. The purpose of this research is cloning, expression, and purification of FlaA protein specific epitopes in order to evaluate their antigenicity and immunogenicity.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>The antigenic region of the <em>flaA</em> gene was bioinformatically predicted using Epitope mapping software’s and the predicted epitopes were expressed in a prokaryotic expression vector. The antigen was injected into the animal model (mice BALB/c) and some indicators including IgG1, IgG2a, IgA, IFN-γ, and IL 5 were measured.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The immunogenicity studies in animal models by measuring serum antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA) and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL5) revealed that the rFlaA induces a proper immune response in animal models.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The recombinant FlaA protein is antigenic and immunogenic. Therefore, it might be used in order to design of specific diagnostic kits and recombinant vaccines against <em>H. pylori</em>.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Protective effect of thymoquinone, the active constituent of Nigella sativa fixed oil, against ethanol toxicity in rats927939911610.22038/ijbms.2017.9116ENSayed Masoud HosseiniDepartment of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranElahe TaghiabadiDepartment of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranKhalil AbnousPharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranAlireza Timcheh HaririMedical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranHamed PourbakhshFood Control Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranHossein HosseinzadehPharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: Long term consumption of ethanol may induce damage to many organs. Ethanol induces its noxious effects through reactive oxygen species production, and lipid peroxidation and apoptosis induction in different tissues and cell types. Previous experiments have indicated the antioxidant characteristics of thymoquinone, the active constituent of <em>Nigella sativa</em> fixed oil, against biologically dangerous reactive oxygen species. This experiment was planned to evaluate the protective effect of thymoquinone against subchronic ethanol toxicity in rats.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Experiments were performed on six groups. Each group consisted of six animals, including control group (saline, gavage), ethanol-receiving group (3 g/kg/day, gavage), thymoquinone (2.5, 5, 10 mg/Kg/day, intraperitoneally (IP)) plus ethanol and thymoquinone (10 mg/Kg/day, IP) groups. Treatments were carried out in four weeks.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Thymoquinone reduced the ethanol-induced increase in the lipid peroxidation and severity of histopathological alteration in liver and kidney tissues. In addition it improved the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in liver tissue. Furthermore, thymoquinone corrected the liver enzymes level including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in serum and glutathione content in liver and kidney tissues. Other experiments such as Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that thymoquinone suppressed the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (both protein and mRNA level), and caspases activation pursuant to ethanol toxicity.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> This study indicates that thymoquinone may have preventive effects against ethanol toxicity in the liver and kidney tissue through reduction in lipid peroxidation and inflammation, and also interrupting apoptosis.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Frequencies of HLA-A, B and DRB1 alleles in a large normal population living in the city of Mashhad, Northeastern Iran940943911710.22038/ijbms.2017.9117ENAlireza EsmaeiliImmunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranShahrzad Zamani Taghizadeh RabeImmunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMahmoud MahmoudiImmunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranMaryam RastinImmunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: The population in Iran is a genetic admixture of the ancestral Aryan and other populations neighboring Iran. Different ethnic groups in Iran show wide regional distributions for many human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Therefore, it is necessary and sensible to study the differences in HLA allele distribution in different area. We studied the HLA class I and II allele frequencies in a large unrelated healthy Iranian population from Mashhad in the Northeast region.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Five hundred unrelated healthy adult individuals borne and living in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran, were genotyped for HLA-A, B and HLA-DRB1 alleles using PCR with low resolution sequence specific primers (SSP-PCR) technique.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> A total of 14 HLA-A, 24 HLA-B and 10 HLA-DRB1 alleles were spread throughout the studied population with distinct allele frequencies. At the HLA-A locus, HLA-A*02 was found to be the most frequent allele, with a frequency of 20.9%. The most common HLA-B alleles was B*35 (16.4%). The two most common observed alleles in HLA class II alleles were DRB1*15 (20.0%) followed by DRB1*13 (16.2%).<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> This study is the first on the HLA class I and II allele frequencies in Northeastern Iranian population living in Mashhad. Distribution of HLA-A and B loci showed some similarities with those of other Iranians. Some difference in HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms however was observed. Considering the highly mixed population of Mashhad, the finding was not unexpected.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Activation of Wnt signaling reduces high-glucose mediated damages on skin fibroblast cells944950911810.22038/ijbms.2017.9118ENYoupei WangClinical Examination Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 325000Xiang ZhengEmergency department of children, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 325000Qing WangFunction Experiment Teaching Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 325305Meiqin ZhengClinical Examination Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 325000Lingxia PangFunction Experiment Teaching Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China 325305Journal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: High-glucose (HG) stress, a mimic of diabetes mellitus (DM) in culture cells, alters expression of a large number of genes including Wnt and NF-κB signaling-related genes; however, the role of Wnt signaling during HG-mediated fibroblast damage and the relationship between Wnt and NF-κB signaling have not been understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ffects of Wnt signaling on HG-mediated damages.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Wnt3a was treated to HG-stressed human primary foreskin fibroblasts and the levels of Wnt signaling markers and cell proliferation were monitored. In addition, Wnt3a and NF-κB signaling inhibitor were assisted to analyze the relationship between two pathways.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results indicated that HG treatment repressed β-catenin level, and Wnt3a treatment increased the levels of β-catenin and <em>FZD8</em> as well as cell proliferation. RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis identified 207 up-regulated and 200 down-regulated genes upon Wnt3a supply. These altered genes are distributed into 20 different pathways. In addition, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicates that 20 GO terms are enriched. Wnt signaling genes were further verified by qRT-PCR and the results were similar with RNA-seq assay. Since NF-κB signaling negatively regulates Wnt marker gene expression, Bay117082, a typical NF-κB signaling inhibitor and Wnt3a were supplemented for testing β-catenin and phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα), respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> HG positively inhibits Wnt signaling, and signaling activation via supplementation of Wnt3a rescued the defect caused by HG. NF-κB signaling negatively regulates accumulation of β-catenin, but Wnt signaling has no effects on IκBα activation.Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences2008-386620820170801Role of basal stress hormones and amygdala dimensions in stress coping strategies of male rhesus monkeys in response to a hazard-reward conflict951957912010.22038/ijbms.2017.9120ENElaheh TekiehNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEsmail RiahiDepartment of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMasoomeh KazemiNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHedayat SahraeiNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHassan TavakoliNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHamed AliyaryDepartment of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, IranMostafa HajinasrollahAnimal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, IranMaryam SalehiNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranGholamhossein MeftahiNeuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMehdi SaberiDepartment of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170805<strong><em>Objective(s)</em></strong>: In the present study the effect of stress on monkeys that had learned to retrieve food from a five-chamber receptacle, as well as the relationship between their behavior and the serum cortisol and epinephrine levels and relative size of the amygdala was evaluated.<br /> <strong><em>Materials and Methods: </em></strong>Six male rhesus monkeys were individually given access to the food reward orderly. They could easily retrieve the rewards from all chambers except for the chamber 4, which a brief, mild electric shock (3 V) was delivered to them upon touching the chamber’s interior. The coping behaviors were video-recorded and analyzed offline. Baseline serum cortisol and epinephrine levels were measured before the experiments using monkey enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. One week after the behavioral experiment, the monkeys’ brains were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging under general anesthesia. The cross-sectional area of the left amygdala in sagittal plane relative to the area of the whole brain in the same slice was evaluated by the planimetric method using ImageJ software.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Exposure to the distressing condition caused different behavioral responses. Monkeys with higher baseline levels of serum cortisol and epinephrine and larger amygdala behaved more violently in the face of stress, indicating adopting emotion-focused stress-coping strategies. Conversely, those with low plasma epinephrine, moderate cortisol, and smaller amygdala showed perseverative behavior, indicating a problem-focused coping style.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> In dealing with the same stress, different responses might be observed from nonhuman primates according to their cortisol and epinephrine levels as well as their amygdala dimensions.