Effects of prenatal exposure to different colors on offsprings mood

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

2 Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran

Abstract

Objective(s):There is much evidence indicating that depression is influenced by the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA and adrenaline. The current study we designed to investigate the effect of exposure of pregnant rats to different colors on neurotransmitters level, as indicators of mood disorders in off springs.
Materials and Methods:Five groups of pregnant female Wistar rats (eight rats in each group) were enrolled in this study. Dopamine, adrenaline and GABA concentration in sera of rats were measured using ELISA.
Results:The colors black and red elevated the GABA levels in serum and CSF while the colors green and blue decreased the GABA levels. The colors black and red also decreased the sera and CSF levels of dopamine compared to the control group. The concentration of adrenaline was increased following exposure to the colors black, red and blue but decreased only following color green exposure. These results showed serious changes in neurotransmitter levels due to exposure to different colors which can be translated as mood  and behavior changes.
Conclusion:It can be concluded that exposure during pregnancy can lead to postpartum behavioral changes even at adulthood and such changes can be made by colors.

Keywords


1. Ruhé HG, Mason NS, Schene AH. Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:331-359.
2. Booij L, Van der Does A, Riedel W. Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:951-973.
3. Hood SD, Bell CJ, Nutt DJ. Acute tryptophan depletion. Part I: rationale and methodology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39:558-564.
4. Kalueff A, Nutt DJ. The role of GABA in memory and anxiety.  Dep and Anx  1997; 4:100-110.
5. Niklasson F, Ågren H. Brain energy metabolism and blood–brain barrier permeability in depressive patients: Analyses of creatine, creatinine, urate, and albumin in CSF and blood. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19:1183-1206.
6. D'haenen HA, Bossuyt A. Dopamine D2 receptors in depression measured with single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35:128-132.
7. Hammerman C, Kaplan M. Comparative effects of two phototherapy delivery systems on cerebral blood flow velocity in term neonates. Neonatology 2004; 86:254-258.
8. McLean JH, Coleman WP. Temperature variation during the estrous cycle: active vs restricted rats. Psychon Sci 1971; 22:179-180.
9. Rektor I, Kaňovský P, Bareš M, Brázdil M, Streitová H, Klajblová H, et al. A SEEG study of ERP in motor and premotor cortices and in the basal ganglia. Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114:463-471.
10. Richter CP. Biological clocks in medicine and psychiatry: shock-phase hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1960; 46:1506.
11. Drury RA, Gold RM. Differential effects of ovarian hormones on reactivity to electric footshock in the rat. Physiol Behav 1978; 20:187-191.
12. Nance DM. The developmental and neural determinants of the effects of estrogen on feeding behavior in the rat: a theoretical perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1983; 7:189-211.
13. Floody OR, Pfaff DW. Aggressive behavior in female hamsters: the hormonal basis for fluctuations in female aggressiveness correlated with estrous state. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1977; 91:443.
14. Luine VN, Khylchevskaya RI, McEwen BS. Effect of gonadal steroids on activities of monoamine oxidase and choline acetylase in rat brain. Brain Res 1975; 86:293-306.
15. Prescott R. Estrous cycle in the rat: effects on self-stimulation behavior. Science 1966; 152:796-797.
16. O’Connor TG, Ben-Shlomo Y, Heron J, Golding J, Adams D, Glover V. Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:211-217.
17. Duman RS. Neurotrophic factors and regulation of mood: role of exercise, diet and metabolism. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:88-93.
18. Vazquez S. Color: Its therapeutic power for rapid healing. Subtle Energies  Energy Med  2006; 17:191-213.
19. Iwasaki E, Takasugi Y, Koga Y. Alteration of neurotransmitters in the cerebrospinal fluid in SHRSP rats due to long-term administration of clonidine. Masui 2006; 55:330-337.
20. Gholami Parizad E, Khosravi A, Gholami Parizad E, Sadeghifard N, Ghafourian S.Evaluation of chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with seronegative HbsAg. Iran J Publ Health 2012; 41:100-104.
21. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Khosravi A, Sayehmiri K.Predictive factors for preeclampsia in pregnant women: A unvariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.  Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:673-677.
22. Ranjbar R, Pourshafie MR, Soltan-Dallal MM,  Parvaneh N, Khosravi A. Fatality due to shigellosis with special reference to molecular analysis of Shigella sonnei strains isolated from the fatal cases. Iran J Clin Infect Dis 2010; 5:36-39.
23. Nishio H, Kasuga S, Ushijima M, Harada Y. Prenatal stress and postnatal development of neonatal rats-sex-dependent effects on emotional behavior and learning ability of neonatal rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:37-45.
24. Wu J, Song TB, Li YJ, He KS, Ge L, Wang LR. Prenatal restraint stress impairs learning and memory and hippocampal PKCbeta1 expression and translocation in offspring rats. Brain Res 2007; 1141:205-13.
25. Wadhwa PD. Psychoneuroendocrine processes in human pregnancy influence fetal development and health. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30:724-743.
26. Hayashi A, Nagaoka M, Yamada K, Ichitani Y, Miake Y, Okado N. Maternal stress induces synaptic loss and developmental disabilities of offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 1998; 16:209-216.
27. Yang J, Han H, Cao J, Li L, Xu L. Prenatal stress modifies hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial learning in young rat offspring. Hippocampus 2006; 16:431-436.
28. Brambilla P, Perez J, Barale F, Schettini G, Soares J. GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:721-737.
29. Prayitno D, Phillips C, Omed H. The effects of color of lighting on the behavior and production of meat chickens. Poultry Sci 1997; 76:452-457.
30. Brummelte S, Galea LA. Depression during pregnancy and postpartum: contribution of stress and ovarian hormones. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 34:766-776.
31. Lambert G, Johansson M, Ågren H, Friberg P. Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness: evidence in support of the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:787-793.
32. Hietala J, Syvälahti E, Vilkman H, Vuorio K, Räkköläinen V, Bergman J, et al. Depressive symptoms and presynaptic dopamine function in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1999; 35:41-50.
33. Tiihonen J, Kuoppamäki M, Syvälahti E, Någren K, Eronen E, Hietala J, et al. Serotonergic modulation of striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding in humans measured with positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology 1996; 126:277-280.
34. McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, et al. Heat stress, plasma concentrations of Adrenalinee, norAdrenalinee, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 61:204-215.