1. Karakousi T, Mudianto T, Lund AW. Lymphatic vessels in the age of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:363-381.
2. Thareja G, Salvioni A, Lauzeral-Vizcaino F, Halabi N, Mery-Lamarche E, Thebault N, et al. Assessing the implications of sentinel lymph node removal in cervical cancer: An immunogenetic perspective - a SENTICOL ancillary study. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008734.
3. du Bois H, Heim TA, Lund AW. Tumor-draining lymph nodes: At the crossroads of metastasis and immunity. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg3551.
4. Leong SP, Naxerova K, Keller L, Pantel K, Witte M. Molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis via the lymphatic versus the blood vessels. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:159-179.
5. Li X, Liu X, Wei H, Liu Y, Xu G. Neutrophils in tumor- and inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2025; 21:2223-2234.
6. Khalighfard S, Khori V, Esmati E, Ahmadi F, Amiriani T, Poorkhani A, et al. Breast tumor metastasis following filgrastim administration due to the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway. Med Oncol 2023; 40:74.
7. Zhang L, Zhu L, Yao X, Lou X, Wan J, Duan X, et al. Paclitaxel treatment enhances lymphatic metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells via CCL21/CCR7 axis. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1476-1490.
8. Jalkanen S, Salmi M. Lymphatic endothelial cells of the lymph node. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:566-578.
9. Chandrasekaran S, King MR. Microenvironment of tumor-draining lymph nodes: opportunities for liposome-based targeted therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20209-20239.
10. Yang A, Zhou M, Gao Y, Zhang Y. Mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion and its clinical significance in prognosis of anti-tumor therapies: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 159:114843.
11. Han L, Wu T, Zhang Q, Qi A, Zhou X. Immune tolerance regulation is critical to immune homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2025; 2025:5006201.
12. Roudko V, Greenbaum B, Bhardwaj N. Computational prediction and validation of tumor-associated neoantigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:27.
13. Kallingal A, Olszewski M, Maciejewska N, Brankiewicz W, Baginski M. Cancer immune escape: the role of antigen presentation machinery. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:8131-8141.
14. Yang X, Wu X, Hao X, Li T, Guo H, Yang R. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of tumor-draining lymph nodes: spotlight on bladder cancer. J Transl Med 2025; 23:489.
15. Alonso R, Flament H, Lemoine S, Sedlik C, Bottasso E, Péguillet I, et al. Induction of anergic or regulatory tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2113.
16. Mansfield AS, Holtan SG, Grotz TE, Allred JB, Jakub JW, Erickson LA, et al. Regional immunity in melanoma: Immunosuppressive changes precede nodal metastasis. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:487-494.
17. Shuang Z-Y, Mao Y-Z, Liu Y-C, Lin G-H, Wang J-C, Wang J, et al. The tumor-draining lymph nodes are immunosuppressed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Translational Cancer Research 2017; 6:1188-1196.
18. Steele MM, Lund AW. Afferent lymphatic transport and peripheral tissue immunity. J Immunol 2021; 206:264-272.
19. van Pul KM, Vuylsteke R, van de Ven R, Te Velde EA, Rutgers EJT, van den Tol PM, et al. Selectively hampered activation of lymph node-resident dendritic cells precedes profound T cell suppression and metastatic spread in the breast cancer sentinel lymph node. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:133.
20. Fujiwara Y, Kato S, Nesline MK, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Pabla S, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110:102461.
21. Munn DH, Sharma MD, Hou D, Baban B, Lee JR, Antonia SJ, et al. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:280-290.
22. Gerlini G, Susini P, Sestini S, Brandani P, Giannotti V, Borgognoni L. Langerhans cells in sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16: 1890.
23. Nüssing S, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Revisiting T cell tolerance as a checkpoint target for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589641.
24. Liu Y, Li C, Lu Y, Liu C, Yang W. Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune tolerance in development and treatment of gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016817.
25. Solinas C, De Silva P, Bron D, Willard-Gallo K, Sangiolo D. Significance of TIM3 expression in cancer: From biology to the clinic. Semin Oncol 2019; 46:372-379.
26. Shariati S, Ghods A, Zohouri M, Rasolmali R, Talei AR, Mehdipour F, et al. Significance of TIM-3 expression by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes from patients with breast cancer. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:47-54.
27. Núñez NG, Tosello Boari J, Ramos RN, Richer W, Cagnard N, Anderfuhren CD, et al. Tumor invasion in draining lymph nodes is associated with Treg accumulation in breast cancer patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3272.
28. Shabaneh TB, Molodtsov AK, Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Torres GM, Mohamed GA, et al. Oncogenic BRAF(V600E) governs regulatory T-cell recruitment during melanoma tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5038-5049.
29. Faghih Z, Erfani N, Haghshenas MR, Safaei A, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. Immune profiles of CD4+ lymphocyte subsets in breast cancer tumor draining lymph nodes. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:57-65.
30. Jafarinia M, Mehdipour F, Hosseini SV, Ghahramani L, Hosseinzadeh M, Ghaderi A. Determination of a CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) T cells subset in tumor-draining lymph nodes of colorectal cancer secreting IL-2 and IFN-γ. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14659-14666.
31. Ge J, Yin X, Chen L. Regulatory T cells: masterminds of immune equilibrium and future therapeutic innovations. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1457189.
32. Colbeck EJ, Jones E, Hindley JP, Smart K, Schulz R, Browne M, et al. Treg depletion licenses T cell-driven HEV neogenesis and promotes tumor destruction. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:1005-1015.
33. Ariafar A, Vahidi Y, Fakhimi M, Asadollahpour A, Erfani N, Faghih Z. Prognostic significance of CD4-positive regulatory T cells in tumor draining lymph nodes from patients with bladder cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05556.
34. Li G, Srinivasan S, Wang L, Ma C, Guo K, Xiao W, et al. TGF-β-dependent lymphoid tissue residency of stem-like T cells limits response to tumor vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6043.
35. Ma S, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. Harnessing IL-15 signaling to potentiate NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:833-847.
36. Frazao A, Messaoudene M, Nunez N, Dulphy N, Roussin F, Sedlik C, et al. CD16(+)NKG2A(high) natural killer cells infiltrate breast cancer-draining lymph nodes. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:208-218.
37. Ghasemi M, Abbasi L, Ghanbari Naeini L, Kokabian P, Nameh Goshay Fard N, Givtaj N. Dendritic cells and natural killer cells: The road to a successful oncolytic virotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:950079.
38. Santana-Hernández S, Suarez-Olmos J, Servitja S, Berenguer-Molins P, Costa-Garcia M, Comerma L, et al. NK cell-triggered CCL5/IFNγ-CXCL9/10 axis underlies the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant anti-HER2 antibodies in breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:10.
39. van Vliet AA, Georgoudaki AM, Raimo M, de Gruijl TD, Spanholtz J. Adoptive NK cell therapy: A promising treatment prospect for metastatic melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4722.
40. Charap AJ, Enokida T, Brody R, Sfakianos J, Miles B, Bhardwaj N, et al. Landscape of natural killer cell activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8 :e001523.
41. Kiaei SZF, Nouralishahi A, Ghasemirad M, Barkhordar M, Ghaffari S, Kheradjoo H, et al. Advances in natural killer cell therapies for breast cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:705-726.
42. Rezaeifard S, Safaei A, Talei A, Faghih Z, Erfani N. NK, NKT and invariant-NKT cells in tumor draining lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer. Iran J Immunol 2019; 16:291-298.
43. Lehmann J, Caduff N, Krzywińska E, Stierli S, Salas-Bastos A, Loos B, et al. Escape from NK cell tumor surveillance by NGFR-induced lipid remodeling in melanoma. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadc8825.
44. Bottos A, Gotthardt D, Gill JW, Gattelli A, Frei A, Tzankov A, et al. Decreased NK-cell tumour immunosurveillance consequent to JAK inhibition enhances metastasis in breast cancer models. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12258.
45. Persyn E, Wahlen S, Kiekens L, Van Loocke W, Siwe H, Van Ammel E, et al. IRF2 is required for development and functional maturation of human NK cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038821.
46. Largeot A, Pagano G, Gonder S, Moussay E, Paggetti J. The B-side of Cancer Immunity: The Underrated Tune. Cells 2019; 8:449.
47. Mao X, Tang X, Pan H, Yu M, Ji S, Qiu W, et al. B cells and IL-21-producing follicular helper T cells cooperate to determine the dynamic alterations of premetastatic tumor draining lymph nodes of breast cancer. Research (Wash D C) 2024; 7:0346.
48. Willsmore ZN, Harris RJ, Crescioli S, Hussein K, Kakkassery H, Thapa D, et al. B cells in patients with melanoma: implications for treatment with checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:622442.
49. Crescioli S, Correa I, Karagiannis P, Davies AM, Sutton BJ, Nestle FO, et al. IgG4 characteristics and functions in cancer immunity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:7.
50. Zhong Z, Nan K, Weng M, Yue Y, Zhou W, Wang Z, et al. Pro- and anti- effects of immunoglobulin A- producing B cell in tumors and its triggers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765044.
51. Kim DS, Kang YJ, Lee KJ, Qiao L, Ko K, Kim DH, et al. A Plant-derived antigen-antibody complex induces anti-cancer immune responses by forming a large quaternary structure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:5603.
52. Maglioco A, Machuca DG, Badano MN, Nannini P, Camerano GV, Costa H, et al. B cells inhibit the antitumor immunity against an established murine fibrosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3225-3232.
53. Sarvaria A, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:662-674.
54. Shalapour S, Font-Burgada J, Di Caro G, Zhong Z, Sanchez-Lopez E, Dhar D, et al. Immunosuppressive plasma cells impede T-cell-dependent immunogenic chemotherapy. Nature 2015; 521:94-98.
55. Laumont CM, Nelson BH. B cells in the tumor microenvironment: Multi-faceted organizers, regulators, and effectors of anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:466-489.
56. Yang H, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang K, Zhu W, Zeng Y. The dual role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment: Implications for cancer immunology and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11825.
57. Jansen K, Cevhertas L, Ma S, Satitsuksanoa P, Akdis M, van de Veen W. Regulatory B cells, A to Z. Allergy 2021; 76:2699-2715.
58. Ganti SN, Albershardt TC, Iritani BM, Ruddell A. Regulatory B cells preferentially accumulate in tumor-draining lymph nodes and promote tumor growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12255.
59. Norouzian M, Mehdipour F, Balouchi Anaraki S, Ashraf MJ, Khademi B, Ghaderi A. Atypical memory and regulatory B cell subsets in tumor draining lymph nodes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma correlate with good prognostic factors. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 14:645-656.
60. Arabpour M, Rasolmali R, Talei AR, Mehdipour F, Ghaderi A. Granzyme B production by activated B cells derived from breast cancer-draining lymph nodes. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:172-178.
61. Bruno TC, Ebner PJ, Moore BL, Squalls OG, Waugh KA, Eruslanov EB, et al. Antigen-presenting intratumoral B cells affect CD4(+) TIL phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:898-907.
62. Zhang E, Ding C, Li S, Zhou X, Aikemu B, Fan X, et al. Roles and mechanisms of tumour-infiltrating B cells in human cancer: A new force in immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2023; 11:28.
63. Mehdipour F, Razmkhah M, Faghih Z, Bagheri M, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. The significance of cytokine-producing B cells in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:381-395.
64. Mehdipour F, Razmkhah M, Rezaeifard S, Bagheri M, Talei AR, Khalatbari B, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells induced anti-inflammatory features in B cells from breast tumor draining lymph nodes. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1658-1669.
65. Shariati S, Mehdipour F, Samadi M, Rasolmali R, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. The balance of regulatory and stimulatory B cell subsets in breast cancer draining lymph nodes correlates with tumor prognostic factors. Life Sci 2020; 257:118117.
66. Li YL, Hung WC. Reprogramming of sentinel lymph node microenvironment during tumor metastasis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:84.
67. Morgado FN, da Silva AVA, Porrozzi R. Infectious Diseases and the lymphoid extracellular matrix remodeling: A focus on conduit system. Cells 2020; 9:725.
68. Riedel A, Shorthouse D, Haas L, Hall BA, Shields J. Tumor-induced stromal reprogramming drives lymph node transformation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1118-1127.
69. Matsuura K, Yamaguchi Y, Ueno H, Osaki A, Arihiro K, Toge T. Maturation of dendritic cells and T-cell responses in sentinel lymph nodes from patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106:1227-1236.
70. Kundu M, Raha S, Roy A, Pahan K. Regression of triple-negative breast cancer in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model by monoclonal antibodies against IL-12 p40 monomer. Cells 2022; 11:259.
71. Chen YY, Li CF, Yeh CH, Chang MS, Hsing CH. Interleukin-19 in breast cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:294320.
72. Mehdipour F, Malekzadeh M, Talei A, Ghaderi A. Decreased serum level of interleukin-19 in iranian patients with breast cancer. Middle East J Cancer 2015; 6:203-209.
73. Lund AW, Duraes FV, Hirosue S, Raghavan VR, Nembrini C, Thomas SN, et al. VEGF-C promotes immune tolerance in B16 melanomas and cross-presentation of tumor antigen by lymph node lymphatics. Cell Rep 2012; 1:191-199.
74. Stacker SA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox SB, Achen MG. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:159-172.
75. Cera MR, Del Prete A, Vecchi A, Corada M, Martin-Padura I, Motoike T, et al. Increased DC trafficking to lymph nodes and contact hypersensitivity in junctional adhesion molecule-A-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:729-738.
76. Hayasaka H, Yoshida J, Kuroda Y, Nishiguchi A, Matsusaki M, Kishimoto K, et al. CXCL12 promotes CCR7 ligand-mediated breast cancer cell invasion and migration toward lymphatic vessels. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1338-1351.
77. Rusetska N, Kowalski K, Zalewski K, Zięba S, Bidziński M, Goryca K, et al. CXCR4/ACKR3/CXCL12 axis in the lymphatic metastasis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2022; 75:324-332.
78. Lee CK, Jeong SH, Jang C, Bae H, Kim YH, Park I, et al. Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes requires YAP-dependent metabolic adaptation. Science 2019; 363:644-649.
79. Zhang C, Yue C, Herrmann A, Song J, Egelston C, Wang T, et al. STAT3 activation-induced fatty acid oxidation in CD8(+) T effector cells is critical for obesity-promoted breast tumor growth. Cell Metab 2020; 31:148-161. e5.
80. Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, et al. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89160.
81. Mullen AR, DeBerardinis RJ. Genetically-defined metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:552-559.
82. Li M, Xian HC, Tang YJ, Liang XH, Tang YL. Fatty acid oxidation: Driver of lymph node metastasis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:339.
83. Roth GA, Picece V, Ou BS, Luo W, Pulendran B, Appel EA. Designing spatial and temporal control of vaccine responses. Nat Rev Mater 2022; 7:174-195.
84. Budimir N, Thomas GD, Dolina JS, Salek-Ardakani S. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in cancer: Lessons learned from pd-1/pd-l1 immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:146-153.
85. Fransen MF, Schoonderwoerd M, Knopf P, Camps MG, Hawinkels LJ, Kneilling M, et al. Tumor-draining lymph nodes are pivotal in PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy. JCI Insight 2018; 3:e124507
86. Wu TD, Madireddi S, de Almeida PE, Banchereau R, Chen YJ, Chitre AS, et al. Peripheral T cell expansion predicts tumour infiltration and clinical response. Nature 2020; 579:274-278.
87. Huang AC, Postow MA, Orlowski RJ, Mick R, Bengsch B, Manne S, et al. T-cell invigoration to tumour burden ratio associated with anti-PD-1 response. Nature 2017; 545:60-65.
88. Yost KE, Satpathy AT, Wells DK, Qi Y, Wang C, Kageyama R, et al. Clonal replacement of tumor-specific T cells following PD-1 blockade. Nat Med 2019; 25:1251-1259.
89. Li L, Shirkey MW, Zhang T, Piao W, Li X, Zhao J, et al. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells preserve a tolerogenic niche in allograft transplantation through laminin α4. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e156994.
90. Yu M, Guo G, Zhang X, Li L, Yang W, Bollag R, et al. Fibroblastic reticular cells of the lymphoid tissues modulate T cell activation threshold during homeostasis via hyperactive cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E(2) axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3350.
)