1. Liao JB. Viruses and human cancer. Yale J Biol Med 2006; 79:115-122.
2. Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M, Comparative Risk Assessment collaborating g. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet 2005; 366:1784-1793.
3. Alibek K, Irving S, Sautbayeva Z, Kakpenova A, Bekmurzayeva A, Baiken Y, et al. Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer. Infectious agents and cancer 2014; 9:44.
4. Mesri EA, Feitelson MA, Munger K. Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:266-282.
5. Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Viral hit and run-oncogenesis: genetic and epigenetic scenarios. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:200-217.
6. Dreesen O, Brivanlou AH. Signaling pathways in cancer and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev 2007; 3:7-17.
7. Komiya Y, Habas R. Wnt signal transduction pathways. Organogenesis 2008; 4:68-75.
8. Willert K, Nusse R. Wnt proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a007864.
9. MacDonald BT, Tamai K, He X. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases. Dev Cell 2009; 17:9-26.
10. Clevers H, Nusse R. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and disease. Cell 2012; 149:1192-1205.
11. Howe LR, Brown AM. Wnt signaling and breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2004; 3:36-41.
12. Zhan T, Rindtorff N, Boutros M. Wnt signaling in cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:1461-1473.
13. Katano H. [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV-8)]. Uirusu 2010; 60:237-245.
14. Chen MR. Epstein-barr virus, the immune system, and associated diseases. Front Microbiol 2011; 2: 5.
15. Ma SD TM, Romero-Masters JC, Ranheim EA, Huebner SM, Bristol JA, Delecluse HJ, Kenney SC. Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2A Collaborate To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B Cell Lymphomas in a Cord Blood-Humanized Mouse Model but Are Not Essential. J Virol 2017; 91:e01928-01916.
16. Angelova M, Ferris M, Swan KF, McFerrin HE, Pridjian G, Morris CA, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G-protein coupled receptor activates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Virol J 2014; 11:218.
17. Fujimuro M, Wu FY, ApRhys C, Kajumbula H, Young DB, Hayward GS, et al. A novel viral mechanism for dysregulation of beta-catenin in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency. Nat Med 2003; 9:300-306.
18. van Zuylen WJ, Rawlinson WD, Ford CE. The Wnt pathway: a key network in cell signalling dysregulated by viruses. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:340-355.
19. Bornkamm GW. Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma: more questions than answers. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1745-1755.
20. Morrison JA, Raab-Traub N. Roles of the ITAM and PY motifs of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A in the inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation and activation of {beta}-catenin signaling. J Virol 2005; 79:2375-2382.
21. Everly DN, Jr., Kusano S, Raab-Traub N. Accumulation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin and nuclear glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. J Virol 2004; 78:11648-11655.
22. Cha MY, Kim CM, Park YM, Ryu WS. Hepatitis B virus X protein is essential for the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hepatoma cells. Hepatology 2004; 39:1683-1693.
23. Ding SL, Yang ZW, Wang J, Zhang XL, Chen XM, Lu FM. Integrative analysis of aberrant Wnt signaling in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6317-6328.
24. Xie Q, Chen L, Shan X, Shan X, Tang J, Zhou F, et al. Epigenetic silencing of SFRP1 and SFRP5 by hepatitis B virus X protein enhances hepatoma cell tumorigenicity through Wnt signaling pathway. IJC 2014; 135:635-646.
25. Wang R, Sun Q, Wang P, Liu M, Xiong S, Luo J, et al. Notch and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway play important roles in activating liver cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5754-5768.
26. Daud M, Rana MA, Husnain T, Ijaz B. Modulation of Wnt signaling pathway by hepatitis B virus. Arch virol 2017; 162:2937-2947.
27. Krekulova L, Rehak V, Riley LW. Structure and functions of hepatitis C virus proteins: 15 years after. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:665-680.
28. Wang W, Pan Q, Fuhler GM, Smits R, Peppelenbosch MP. Action and function of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in the progression from chronic hepatitis C to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:419-431.
29. Huang H, Fujii H, Sankila A, Mahler-Araujo BM, Matsuda M, Cathomas G, et al. Beta-catenin mutations are frequent in human hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:1795-1801.
30. Whittaker S, Marais R, Zhu AX. The role of signaling pathways in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:4989-5005.
31. Umer M, Qureshi SA, Hashmi ZY, Raza A, Ahmad J, Rahman M, et al. Promoter hypermethylation of Wnt pathway inhibitors in hepatitis C virus - induced multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Virol J 2014; 11:117.
32. Quan H, Zhou F, Nie D, Chen Q, Cai X, Shan X, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein epigenetically silences SFRP1 and enhances HCC aggressiveness by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2014; 33:2826-2835.
33. Rogacki K, Kasprzak A, Stepinski A. Alterations of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus. Pol J Pathol 2015; 66:9-21.
34. Lee SY, Song KH, Koo I, Lee K-H, Suh K-S, Kim B-Y. Comparison of pathways associated with hepatitis B-and C-infected hepatocellular carcinoma using pathway-based class discrimination method. Genomics 2012; 99:347-354.
35. Khanizadeh S, Ravanshad M, Hosseini SY, Davoodian P, Zadeh AN, Sabahi F, et al. The possible role of NS3 protease activity of hepatitis C virus on fibrogenesis and miR-122 expression in hepatic stellate cells. Acta Virol 2016; 60:242-248.
36. Khanizadeh S, Ravanshad M, Hosseini SY, Davoodian P, Almasian M, Khanlari Z. The effect of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protein on the expression of miR-150, miR-199a, miR-335, miR-194 and miR-27a. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:688-693.
37. Zhang Y, Wei W, Cheng N, Wang K, Li B, Jiang X, et al. Hepatitis C virus-induced up-regulation of microRNA-155 promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by activating Wnt signaling. Hepatology 2012; 56:1631-1640.
38. Guntaka RV, Padala MK. Interaction of Hepatitis C Viral Proteins with Cellular Oncoproteins in the Induction of Liver Cancer. ISRN Virology 2014; 2014.
39. Li H, Jiang J-D, Peng Z-G. MicroRNA-mediated interactions between host and hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1487.
40. Matsuoka M, Jeang KT. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:270-280.
41. Tomita M, Tanaka Y, Mori N. MicroRNA miR-146a is induced by HTLV-1 tax and increases the growth of HTLV-1-infected T-cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:2300-2309.
42. Ma G, Yasunaga J-i, Fan J, Yanagawa S-i, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1-mediated dysregulation of the Wnt pathways: roles of Tax and HBZ. Retrovirology 2014; 11:P91.
43. Henderson LJ, Al-Harthi L. Role of beta-catenin/TCF-4 signaling in HIV replication and pathogenesis: insights to informing novel anti-HIV molecular therapeutics. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:247-259.
44. Wortman B, Darbinian N, Sawaya BE, Khalili K, Amini S. Evidence for regulation of long terminal repeat transcription by Wnt transcription factor TCF-4 in human astrocytic cells. J Virol 2002; 76:11159-11165.
45. Weiser K, Barton M, Gershoony D, Dasgupta R, Cardozo T. HIV’s Nef interacts with beta-catenin of the Wnt signaling pathway in HEK293 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77865.
46. Wang Y, Liao J, Tang SJ, Shu J, Zhang W. HIV-1 gp120 Upregulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Expression in BV2 Cells via the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:199-208.
47. Bello JO, Nieva LO, Paredes AC, Gonzalez AM, Zavaleta LR, Lizano M. Regulation of the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Viruses 2015; 7:4734-4755.
48. Bonilla-Delgado J, Bulut G, Liu X, Cortes-Malagon EM, Schlegel R, Flores-Maldonado C, et al. The E6 oncoprotein from HPV16 enhances the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in skin epidermis in vivo. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:250-258.
49. Rampias T, Boutati E, Pectasides E, Sasaki C, Kountourakis P, Weinberger P, et al. Activation of Wnt signaling pathway by human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes in HPV16-positive oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:433-443.
50. Rampias T, Psyrri A. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Positive Head and Neck Cancer and the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Molecular Determinants of Head and Neck Cancer: Springer; 2014. p. 215-225.
51. Sominsky S, Kuslansky Y, Shapiro B, Jackman A, Haupt Y, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, et al. HPV16 E6 and E6AP differentially cooperate to stimulate or augment Wnt signaling. Virology 2014; 468:510-523.
52. Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Alvarez-García RM, Contreras-Paredes A, Vaca-Paniagua F, Herrera LA, López-Camarillo C, et al. Gene expression profiles induced by E6 from non-European HPV18 variants reveals a differential activation on cellular processes driving to carcinogenesis. Virology 2012; 432:81-90.
53. Tomaić V. Functional roles of E6 and E7 oncoproteins in HPV-induced malignancies at diverse anatomical sites. Cancers 2016; 8:95.
54. Teo WH, Chen HP, Huang JC, Chan YJ. Human cytomegalovirus infection enhances cell proliferation, migration and upregulation of EMT markers in colorectal cancer-derived stem cell-like cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1415-1426.
55. Bongers G, Maussang D, Muniz LR, Noriega VM, Fraile-Ramos A, Barker N, et al. The cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 promotes intestinal neoplasia in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3969-3978.
56. Ueland T, Rollag H, Hartmann A, Jardine AG, Humar A, Michelsen AE, et al. Secreted Wnt antagonists during eradication of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:210-215.
57. Mo X, Xu L, Yang Q, Feng H, Peng J, Zhang Y, et al. Microarray profiling analysis uncovers common molecular mechanisms of rubella virus, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in ECV304 cells. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11:481-488.
58. Smith JL, Jeng S, McWeeney SK, Hirsch AJ. A microRNA screen identifies the Wnt signaling pathway as a regulator of the interferon response during flavivirus infection. Journal of virology 2017; 91:e02388-02316.
59. Margaret E. McLaughlin-Drubin KM. Viruses Associated with Human Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1782:127–150.
60. Brunori M, Malerba M, Kashiwazaki H, Iggo R. Replicating adenoviruses that target tumors with constitutive activation of the wnt signaling pathway. Journal of virology 2001; 75:2857-2865.
61. Mackey JK, Rigden PM, Green M. Do highly oncogenic group A human adenoviruses cause human cancer? Analysis of human tumors for adenovirus 12 transforming DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:4657-4661.
62. Bian L, Wang Y, Liu Q, Xia J, Long J-E. Prediction of signaling pathways involved in enterovirus 71 infection by algorithm analysis based on miRNA profiles and their target genes. Arch Virol 2015; 160:173-182.
63. Ye X, Hemida MG, Qiu Y, Hanson PJ, Zhang HM, Yang D. MiR-126 promotes coxsackievirus replication by mediating cross-talk of ERK1/2 and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4631-4644.
64. Kang D. EBV BART MicroRNAs Target Pro-apoptotic and Anti-Wnt Signaling Genes to Promote Cell Survival and Proliferation 2015.
65. Dow DE, Cunningham CK, Buchanan AM. A Review of Human Herpesvirus 8, the Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, in the Pediatric Population. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:66-76.
66. Konstantinou D, Deutsch M. The spectrum of HBV/HCV coinfection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viralinteractions and management. Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28:221-228.
67. Hope VD, Eramova I, Capurro D, Donoghoe MC. Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European Region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:270-286.
68. Ravanshad M, Sabahi F, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Hosseini SY, et al. Prediction of hepatitis B virus lamivudine resistance based on YMDD sequence data using an artificial neural network model. Hepat Mon 2011; 11:108-113.
69. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:97-107.
70. Kew MC. Hepatitis B virus x protein in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26 Suppl 1:144-152.
71. Neuveut C, Wei Y, Buendia MA. Mechanisms of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2010; 52:594-604.
72. Li YW, Yang FC, Lu HQ, Zhang JS. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B surface protein. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1943-1952.
73. Yin Y, Li F, Li S, Cai J, Shi J, Jiang Y. TLR4 Influences Hepatitis B Virus Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating the Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 42:469-479.
74. Vilchez V, Turcios L, Marti F, Gedaly R. Targeting Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:823-832.
75. Suarez MI, Uribe D, Jaramillo CM, Osorio G, Perez JC, Lopez R, et al. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinomas cases from Colombia. Ann Hepatol 2015; 14:64-74.
76. Tien LT, Ito M, Nakao M, Niino D, Serik M, Nakashima M, et al. Expression of beta-catenin in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2398-2401.
77. Lau CC, Sun T, Ching AK, He M, Li JW, Wong AM, et al. Viral-human chimeric transcript predisposes risk to liver cancer development and progression. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:335-349.
78. Manns MP, Buti M, Gane E, Pawlotsky JM, Razavi H, Terrault N, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17006.
79. Liu J, Wang Z, Tang J, Tang R, Shan X, Zhang W, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through multiple regulation of upstream molecules in the SMMC-7721 cell line. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1013-1023.
80. Park CY, Choi SH, Kang SM, Kang JI, Ahn BY, Kim H, et al. Nonstructural 5A protein activates beta-catenin signaling cascades: implication of hepatitis C virus-induced liver pathogenesis. J Hepatol 2009; 51:853-864.
81. Duesberg PH. Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality. Cancer Res 1987; 47:1199-1220.
82. Weiss RA. The discovery of endogenous retroviruses. Retrovirology 2006; 3:67.
83. Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers 2014; 6:2155-2186.
84. Braoudaki M, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F. Tumorigenesis related to retroviral infections. J Infect Dev Countr 2011; 5:751-758.
85. Goncalves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Araujo MG, Pinheiro SR, Guedes AC, et al. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:577-589.
86. Taylor GP, Matsuoka M. Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and approaches to therapy. Oncogene 2005; 24:6047-6057.
87. Grassmann R, Aboud M, Jeang KT. Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax. Oncogene 2005; 24:5976-5985.
88.Currer R, Van Duyne R, Jaworski E, Guendel I, Sampey G, Das R, et al. HTLV tax: a fascinating multifunctional co-regulator of viral and cellular pathways. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:406.
89. Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Shirdel A, Assarehzadegan MA, Hassannia T, Rahimi H, Miri R, et al. Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Oncogenesis: Molecular Aspects of Virus and Host Interactions in Pathogenesis of Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL). Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013; 16:179-195.
90. Tomita M, Kikuchi A, Akiyama T, Tanaka Y, Mori N. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax dysregulates beta-catenin signaling. J Virol 2006; 80:10497-10505.
91. Zhou F, Xue M, Qin D, Zhu X, Wang C, Zhu J, et al. HIV-1 Tat promotes Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) vIL-6-induced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis by regulating PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3beta signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53145.
92. Carbone A, Gloghini A. AIDS-related lymphomas: from pathogenesis to pathology. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:662-670.
93. Carbone A, Gloghini A, Serraino D, Spina M. HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009; 4:3-10.
94. Han Y, Lin YB, An W, Xu J, Yang HC, O’Connell K, et al. Orientation-dependent regulation of integrated HIV-1 expression by host gene transcriptional readthrough. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 4:134-146.
95. De Oliveira DE. DNA viruses in human cancer: an integrated overview on fundamental mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Cancer letters 2007; 247:182-196.
96. Arhel N, Kirchhoff F. Host proteins involved in HIV infection: new therapeutic targets. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1802:313-321.
97. Wilen CB, Tilton JC, Doms RW. HIV: cell binding and entry. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2.
98. Craig HM, Pandori MW, Guatelli JC. Interaction of HIV-1 Nef with the cellular dileucine-based sorting pathway is required for CD4 down-regulation and optimal viral infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11229-11234.
99. Chen K-C, Wang T-Y, Chan C-h. Associations between HIV and human pathways revealed by protein-protein interactions and correlated gene expression profiles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34240.
100. Al-Harthi L. Interplay between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and HIV: virologic and biologic consequences in the CNS. J Neuroimmune Pharm 2012; 7:731-739.
101. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008; 319:1096-1100.
102. Zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses in the causation of human cancers - a brief historical account. Virology 2009; 384:260-265.
103. Tomaic V. Functional Roles of E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in HPV-Induced Malignancies at Diverse Anatomical Sites. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8: 95.
104. Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:2-23.
105. Chen J. Signaling pathways in HPV-associated cancers and therapeutic implications. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25 Suppl 1:24-53.
106. Cannon MJ, Schmid DS, Hyde TB. Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection. Rev Med Virol 2010; 20:202-213.
107. Vancikova Z, Dvorak P. Cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals--a review. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2001; 1:179-187.
108. Angelova M, Zwezdaryk K, Ferris M, Shan B, Morris CA, Sullivan DE. Human cytomegalovirus infection dysregulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002959.
109. Ghebremedhin B. Human adenovirus: Viral pathogen with increasing importance. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 2014; 4:26-33.