1. Ashraf MU, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SN. Cydonia oblonga M., A medicinal plant rich in phytonutrients for pharmaceuticals. Front Pharma 2016; 7:163-183.
2. Anwar F, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Zengin G, Alkharfy KM, Ashraf M, et al. Capparis spinosa L: a plant with high potential for development of functional foods and nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharma 2016; 12:201-219.
3. Jana NS, Charan SM. Heath benefits and medicinal potency of W somnifers: A review. Int Pharm Sci Rev Res 2018; 48:22-29.
4. Nazar S, Hussain MA, Khan A, Muhammad G, Tahir MN. Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.): a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and nutra–pharmaceutical potential. Arab J Chem 2018; 13:1901-1916.
5. Kalra R, Kaushik N. Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal: a review of chemical and pharmacological diversity. Phytochem Rev 2017; 16:953-987.
6. Verma SK, Kumar A. Therpeutic uses of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) with a note on withanolides and its pharmacological actions. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2011; 4:1-4.
7. Singh S, Kumar S. Withania somnifera: The Indian ginseng Ashwagandha. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 1998; 2.
8. Hepper FN. Old world Withania (Solanaceae): a taxonomic
review and key to the species. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Estrada N. (eds) Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, chemistry, evolution. RBG Kew, Richmond, Surrey.1991:211-227.
9. Bhandari MM. Flora of the Indian desert, MPS Repros Jodhpur, India. 1995. http://www.cazri.res.in/annals/1967/1967S–13.pdf.
10. Bhattacharya A, Ramanathan M, Ghosal S. Effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides on iron–induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 2000; 14:568-570.
11. Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K. Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide A. British J Pharma 2005; 144: 961-971.
12. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic–antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomed 2000; 6:463-469.
13. Ahmad M, Saleem S, Ahmad AS, Ansari MA, Yousuf S, Hoda MN, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera on 6–hydroxydopamine induced parkinsonism in rats. Human Exp Tox 2005; 24:137-147.
14. Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya AV. Hypocholesteremic and antioxidant effects of Withania somnifera (Dunal) in hypercholesteremic rats. Phytomed 2007; 14:136-142.
15. Schmelze GH, Gurib–Fakim A, Arroo RRJ, Bosch CH, de Ruijter A, Simmonds MSJ. Plant resources of tropical Africa 11(1)–medicinal plants Backhuys Publishers, Wageningen. 2008; 630.
16. Lavie D, Kirson I, Glotter E, Rabinovich D, Shakked Z. Crystal and molecular structure of withanolide E, a new natural steroidal lactone with a 17α–side–chain. J Chem Soc Chem Comm 1972; 15:877-878.
17. Glotter E, Kirson I, Abraham A, Lavie D. Constituents of Withania somnifera (Dunal) XIII—the withanolides of chemotype III. Tetrahed 1973; 29:1353-1364.
18. Atal CK, Dhar KL, Gupta OP, Raghunathan K. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal (Ashwagandha). Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, New Delhi. 1975.
19. Yoshida M, Hoshi A, Kuretani K, Ishiguro M, Ikekawa N. Relationship between chemical structure and antitumor activity of withaferin A analogues. J Pharmacobiodyn 1979; 2:92-97.
20. Alam N, Hossain M, Khalil MI, Moniruzzaman M, Sulaiman SA, Gan SH. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Altr Med 2011; 11:65-69.
21. Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazon J. Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Mole 2009; 14:2373-2393.
22. Divisha R, Ranganathan V, Vijayakaran K, Elamaran A, Senthil KP. Quantifying phytophenols in Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera leaf extract. J Pharam 2018; 7:477-479.
23. Das S, Saraf A, Sharma D, Sohal JK. Qualitative screnning of bioactive secondary metabolites present in Withania somnifera and Rauwolfia serpentina root and stem extract with pharmacological importance. Int J Res Ana Rev 2019; 6:69-74.
24. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapur LD. Withania somnifera Duna, Indigenous drugs of India. U N Dhar and Sons, Calcutta. 1958:436-437.
25. Tripathi N, Shrivastava D, Mir BA, Kumar S, Govil S, Vahedi M, Bisen PS. Metabolomic and biotechnological approaches to determine therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A Review. Phytomed 2018; 50:127-136.
26. Durg S, Shivaram SB, Bavage S. Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) in male infertility: An evidence–based systematic review and meta–analysis. Phytomed 2017; 50-247-256.
27. Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SNA. A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1241-1272.
28. Muhammad G, Asghar MN, Ahmad M, Kashmiri MA, Zia I. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from aerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi. Asian J Chem 2011; 23:971.
29. Hussain MA, Muhammad G, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Psyllium arabinoxylan: A versatile biomaterial for potential medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Polym Rev 2016; 56: 1-30.
30. Aye MM, Aung HT, Sein MM, Armijos C. A review on the phytochemistry, medicinal properties and pharmacological activities of 15 selected myanmar medicinal plants. Molecules 2019; 24:293-327.
31. Power FB, Salway AH. The constituents of Withania somnifera. J Chem Soc 1911; 99:490-507.
32. Majumdar DN. Alkaloid constituents of Withania somnifera. Curr Sci 1952; 21:46-48.
33. Schwarting AE, Bobbit JM, Rother A, Atal CK, Khanna KL, Leary JD, et al. The alkaloids of Withania somnifera. Llyoida 1963; 26:258-273.
34. Schröter HB, Neumann D, Katritzky AR, Swinbourne FJ. Withasomnine: A pyrazole alkaloid from Withania somnifera Dun. Tetrahed 1966; 22:2895-2897.
35. Kirson I, Glotter E. 14 α–hydroxy steroids from Withania somnifera (L) Dunal. J Chem Res Syn 1980; 10:338-339.
36. Abraham A, Kirson I, Glotter E, Lavie D. A chemotaxonomic study of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Phytochem 1968; 7:957-962.
37. Lavie D, Glotter E, Shvo Y. Constituents of Withania somnifera–III—the side chain of Withaferin A. J Org Chem 1965; 30:7517-7531.
38. Lavie D, Field SG, Glotter E. Constituents of Withania somnifera Dun. Part VI. The stereochemistry of withaferin A. J Chem Soc C 1966; 19:1753-1756.
39. Lavie D, Kirson I, Glotter E. Constituents of Withania somnifera part X. The structure of withanolide D. Isr J Chem 1968; 5:671-678.
40. Kapoor LD. Handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants. CRC Press. 2001.
41. Cardenas J, Esquinel B, Gupta M, Ray AB, Rodriguez H. Progress in chemistry of organic natural products. Springer Wien, Austria. 1994; 63:77.
42. Abraham A, Kirson I, Lavie D, Glotter E. The withanolides of Withania somnifera chemotypes I and II. Phytoche 1975; 14:189-194.
43. Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN. Compendium of Indian medicinal plants, 2nd Reprint, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow and National Institute of Science Communication, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Delhi 1998:434-436.
44. Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Nawaz SA, Ahmad S, Rahman AU. Cholinesterase inhibiting withanolides from Withania somnifera. Chem Pharma Bulletin 2004; 52: 1358-1361.
45. Ganzera M, Choudhary MI, Khan IA. Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia 2003; 74:68-76.
46. Kirson I, Abraham A, Lavi D. Chemical analysis of hybrids of Withania somnifera(L) Dun Chemotype III (Israel) by Indian I (Delhi). Isr J Chem 1977; 16:20-24.
47. Leyon PV, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on B16F–10 melanoma induced metastasis in mice. Phytother Res 2004; 18:118-122.
48. Ray S, Jha S. Production of withaferin A in shoot cultures of Withania somnifera. Planta Medica 2001; 67:432-436.
49. Sethi PD, Subramanian SS. Steroidal constituents of Withania coagulans roots. Ind J Pharm 1976; 38:22-23.
50. Shohat B, Kirson I, Lavie D. Immunodepressive properties of withaferin and withanolide D. Biomed 1978; 28:18-23.
51. Menssen HG, Stapel G. A C28-steroidlacton from the roots of Withania somnifera (author’s transl).Planta Medica 1973; 24:8-12.
52. Tursunova RN, Maslennikova VA, Abubakirov NK. Withanolides in the vegetable kingdom. Chem Nat Comp 1977; 13:131-138.
53. Bessalle R, Lavie D. Withanolide C, a chlorinated withanolide from Withania somnifera. Phytochem. 1992; 3:3648-3651.
54. Kirson I, Glotter E, Lavis D, Abraham A. Constituents of Withania somnifera Dunal XII. The withanolides of an Indian chemotype. J Chem Soc 1971; 52:2032-2044.
55. Misra L, Mishra P, Pandey A, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS, Tuli R. Withanolides from Withania somnifera roots. Phytochem 2008; 69:1000-1004.
56. Kirson I, Cohen A, Abraham A. Withanolides Q and R, two new 23–hydroxy–steroidal lactones. J Chem Soc Perkins Trans 1975; 21:2136-2138.
57. Glotter E, Abraham A, Gunzberg G, Kirson I. Naturally occurring steroidal lactones with a 17–α oriented side chain. Structure of withanolide E and related compounds. J Chem Society Perkin Trans. 1977; 1:341-346.
58. Gupta AP, Verma RK, Misra HO, Gupta MM. Quantitative determination of withaferin A in different plant parts of Withania somnifera by TLC densitometry. J Med Arom Plant Sci 1996; 18:788-790.
59. Bandhoria P, Gupta VK, Amina M, Satti NK, Dutt P, Suri KA. 6α,7α–epoxy–5α,17α, dihydroxy–1–oxo–22R–witha–2,24–dienolide in leaves of Withania somnifera: isolation and its crystal structure. J Chem Crystal 2006; 36:153-159.
60. Choudhary MI, Hussain S, Yousuf S, Dar A, Mudassar, Rahman AU. Chlorinated and diepoxy withanolides from Withania somnifera and their cytotoxic effects against human lung cancer cell line. Phytochem 2010; 71:2205-2209.
61. Tong X, Zhang H, Timmermann BN. Chlorinated withanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytochem Lett 2011; 4:411-414.
62. Velde VV, Lavie D. New withanolides of biogenetic interest from Withania somnifera. Phytochem 1981; 20:1359-1364.
63. Velde VV, Lavie D. A Δ16–withanolide in Withania somnifera as a possible precursor for α–side–chains. Phytochem 1982; 21:731-733.
64. Rahman AU, Jamal SA, Choudhary MI, Asif E. Two withanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytochem 1991; 30:3824-3826.
65. Rahman AU, Jamal SA, Choudhary MI. Two new withanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytochem 1991; 30:3824-3826.
66. Eastwood FW, Kirson I, Lavie D, Abraham A. Analysis of hybrids of Withania somnifera part 2. New withanolides from a cross of South African chemotype by chemotype II (Israel) in Withania somnifera. Phytochem 1980; 19:1503-1507.
67. Lavie D, Kirson I, Abraham A. Chemical approach to genetics. Isr J Chem 1975; 14:60-68.
68. Rahman AU, Abbas S, Shahwar DE, Jamal SA, Choudhary MI. New withanolides from Withania spp. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:1000-1006.
69. Choudhary MI, Abbas S, Jamal SA, Rahman AU. Withania somnifera: a source of exotic withanolides. Heterocycles 1996; 42:555-563.
70. Ali M, Shuaib M, Ansari SH. Withanolides from the stem bark of Withania somnifera. Phytochem 1997; 44:1163-1168.
71. Anjaneyulu ASR, Rao SD. New withanolides from the roots of Withania somnifera. Ind J Chem 1997; 36:424-433.
72. Abou–Douh AM. New withanolides and other constituents from the fruit of Withania somnifera. Int J Pharm Med Chem 2002; 335:267-276.
73. Jayaprakasam B, Nair MG. Cyclooxygenase–2 enzyMme inhibitory withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Tetrahed 2003; 59:841-849.
74. Bessalle R, Lavie D. Semiquantitative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the ecotypes of Withania somnifera chemotype III. J Chr A 1987; 389:195-210.
75. Trivedi PC, Choudhrey N. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compound sitosterol from Withania somnifera L. J Pharma Res 2011; 4:4252-4253.
76. Nile SH, Nile A, Gansukh E, Baskar V, Kai G. Sub critical water extraction of withanoside and withanolide from ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L) and their biological activities. Food Chem Tox 2019; 132:110659-110668.
77. Tomar V, Beuerle T, Sircar D. A validated HPTLC methos for the simultaneous quantification of three phenolic acids and three withanolides from Withania somnifera and its herbal products. J Chrom B 2019; 1124:154-160.
78. Malik F, Singh J, Khajuria A, Suri KA, Satti NK, Singh S, et al. A standardized root extract of Withania somnifera and its major constituent withanolide–A elicit humoral and cell–mediated immune responses by up regulation of Th1–dominant polarization in BALB/c mice. Life Sci 2007; 80:1525-1538.
79. Chaurasiya ND, Uniyal GC, Lal P, Misra L, Sangwan NS, Tuli R, et al. Analysis of withanolides in root and leaf of Withania somnifera by HPLC with photodiode array and evaporative light scattering detection. Phytochem Ann 2008; 19:148-154.
80. Singh G, Sharma PK, Dudhe R, Singh S. Biological activities of Withania somnifera. Ann Bio Res 2010; 1:56-63.
81. Davis L, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on cell mediated immune responses in mice. J Exp Clin Can Res 2002; 21:585-590.
82. Pramanick S, Roy A, Ghosh A, Majumder HK, Mukhopadhyay S. Withanolide Z, a New Chlorinated Withanolide from Withania somnifera. Planta Medica 2008; 74:1745-1748.
83. Seth C, Mas C, Conod A, Mueller J, Siems K, Kuciak M. Long–lasting WNT–TCF response blocking and epigenetic modifying activities of withanolide F in human cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2011; 11: 168170-168189.
84. Nittala SS, Lavie D, Chemistry and genetics of withanolides in Withania somnifera hybrids. Phytochem 1981; 20:2741-2748.
85. Jayaprakasam B, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Nair MG. Growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines by withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Life Sci 2003; 74:125-132.
86. Zhao J, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kuboyama T, Tohda C, Komatsu K. Withanolide derivatives from the roots of Withania somnifera and their neurite outgrowth activities. Chem Pharm Bullitein 2002; 50:760-765.
87. Bhattacharya SK, Muruganandam AV. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharma Biochem Behav 2003; 75:547-555.
88. Kaileh M, Vanden WB, Heyerick A, Horion J, Piette J, Libert C, et al. Withaferin A strongly elicits IκB kinase β hyperphosphorylation concomitant with potent inhibition of its kinase activity. J Bio Chem 2007; 282:4253-4264.
89. Mohan R, Hammers H, Bargagna–Mohan P, Zhan X, Herbstritt C, Ruiz A, et al. Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Angiogen 2004; 7:115-122.
90. Mondal S, Roy S, Maity R, Mallick A, Sangwan R, Misra–Bhattacharya S, Mandal C. Withanolide D, carrying the baton of Indian rasayana herb as a lead candidate of antileukemic agent in modern medicine. In Biochem Roles Eukar Cell Surf Macromol 2012; 749:295-312.
91. Thoda C, Joyashiki E. Sominone enhances neurite outgrowth and spatial memory mediated by the neurotrophic factor receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1427-1440.
92. Naidu PS, Singh A, Kulkarni SK. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine–induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. Phytother Res 2006; 20:140-146.
93. Misra L, Rajender PL, Sangwan S, Neelam S, Sangwan S, Uniyal GC, et al. Unusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids from Withania somnifera. Phytochem 2005; 66:2702-2707.
94. Iuvone T, Esposito G, Capasso F, Izzo A. Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera in macrophages. Life Sci 2003; 72:1617-1625.
95. Uddin G, Gul S, Rauf A. Preliminary phytochemical screening, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant evaluation of Withania somnifera Dunal. World App Sci J 2013; 27:562-565.
96. Chatterjee S, Srivastava S, Khalid A, Singh N, Sangwan RS, Sidhu OP, et al. Comprehensive metabolic fingerprinting of Withania somnifera leaf and root extracts. Phytochem 2010; 71:1085-1094.
97. Mathur RS, Gupta SK, Singh N, Mathur S, Kochupillai V, Velpandian T. Evaluation of the effect of Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis. J Ethnopharma 2006; 105:336-341.
98. Jayaprakasam B, Strasburg GA, Nair MG. Potent lipid peroxidation inhibitors from Withania somnifera fruits. Tetrahed 2004; 60:3109-3121.
99. Lal P, Misra L, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS, Tuli R. New withanolides from fresh berries of Withania somnifera. J Chem Sci 2006; 61:143-1147.
100. Subbaraju GV, Vanisree M, Rao CV, Sivaramakrishna C, Sridhar P, Jayaprakasam B, et al. Ashwagandhanolide, a bioactive dimeric thiowithanolide isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera. J Nat Prod 2006; 69:1790-1792.
101. Matsuda H, Murakami T, Kishi A, Yoshikawa M. Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera dunal and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea–pig ileum. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1499-1507.
102. Xu YM, Marron MT, Seddon E, McLaughlin SP, Ray DT, Whitesell L, et al. 2,3–Dihydrowithaferin A–3β–O–sulfate, a new potential prodrug of withaferin A from aeroponically grown Withania somnifera. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2210-2214.
103. Xu YM, Gao S, Bunting DP, Leslie AA, Gunatilaka. Unusual withanolides from aeroponically grown Withania somnifera. Phytochem 2011; 72:518-522.
104. Subramanian SS, Sethi PD. Withaferin–A from the roots of Withania coagulans. Curr Sci 1969; 38:267-268.
105. Subramanian SS, Sethi E. 5, 20 [α](R)–dihydroxy–6 [α], 7 [α]–epoxy–1–oxo–(5 [α]) witha–2, 24–dienolide. a new steroidal lactone from Withania coagulans. Phytochem 1971; 10:685-688.
106. Choudhary MI, Dur–e–Shahwar, Parveen Z, Jabbar A, Ali I, Rahman AU. Ashwagandha: and its use. Phytochem 1995; 40:1243-1246.
107. Rahman AU, Choudhary MI, Qureshi S, Gul W, Yousaf M. Two new ergostane–type steroidal lactones from Withania coagulans. J Nat Prod 1998; 61:812-814.
108. Rahman AU, Shabbir M, Yousaf M, Qureshi S, Shahwar DE, Naz A, et al. Three withanolides from Withania coagulans. Phytochem 1999; 52:1361-1364.
109. Rahman AU, Dur–e–Shahwar NA, Choudhary MI. Withanolides from Withania coagulans. Phytochem 2003; 63:387-390.
110. Alfonso D, Bernardinelli G, Kapetanidis I. Withanolides from Lochroma coccineum. Phytochem 1993; 34:517-521.
111. Glotter E. Withanolides and related ergostane–type steroids. Nat Prod Rep 1991; 8:415-440.
112. Rahmatullah M, Ferdausi D, Mollik MAH, Jahan R, Chowdhury MH, Haque WM. A survey of medicinal plants used by Kaverajes of Chalna area, Khulna District, Bangladesh. AfrJ Trad Comp Altr Med 2010; 7:91-97.
113. Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Jantan I, Bukhari NA. Mimosa pudica L a highâvalue medicinal plant as a source of bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Comprh Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:303-315.
114. Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1-13.
115. Kumar A, Ali M, Rahman MS, Iqubal MA, Anand G, Kumar PN, et al. Antidote effect of plants of Himalayan sub–origin against arsenic induced toxicity. J Bio Chem Res 2015; 2:99-109.
116. Javaid A, Shafique S, Shafique S. Management of Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) by Withania somnifera (Solanaceae). J Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:407-416.
117. Pant M, Ambwani T, Umapathi V. Antiviral activity of Ashwagandha extract on infectious bursal disease virus replication. Ind J Sci Tech 2012; 5:2750-2751.
118. Dutta UC, King G. Materia medica of hindu. (Calcutta, Machine press).1877.
119. Kumar S, Tewari A, Dwivedi R. The use of aphrodisiacs in medival India. Nagarjun 1980; 23:170-174.
120. Sen–gupta NNK. The Ayurvedic system of medicine (dehli neeraaj publisihing house). II 1984.
121. Stewart L. Punjab plants comprising botanical and vernacular names and uses of most of the trees, shrubs and herbs of economic value, growing within province (Lahore, British India: the Government press) 1869.
122. Mathani BP. Medicinal plants of western Garhwal: khadi Gramodyog 1973; 19:269-278.
123. Girish KS, Machiah KD, Ushanandini S, Kumar HK, Nagaraju S, Govidappa M, et al. Antimicrobial properties of a non–toxic glycoprotein (WSG) from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). J Basic Microbio 2006; 46:365-374.
124. Owais M, Sharad KS, Shehbaz A, Saleemuddin M. Antibacterial efficacy of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) an indigenous medicinal plant against experimental murine salmonellosis. Phytomed 2005; 12:229-235.
125. Christina A, Joseph DG, Robert SJ, Chidambaranathan N, Ramasam M. Anticarcinogenic activity of Withania somnifera Dunal against Dalton’s ascetic lymphoma. J Ethanopharma 2004; 93:359-361.
126. Dhuley JN. Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress–induced animals. J Ethnopharma 1998; 60:173-178.
127. Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, Diwanay S, Patwardhan B. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha. J Ethnopharm 1996; 50:69-76.
128. Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK, Kumar GS, Bigl V. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int 1997; 30:181-190.
129. Dhuley JN. Nootropic–like effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L) in mice. Phytother Res 2001; 15:524-528.
130. Panda S, Kar A. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations after administration of ashwagandha root extract to adult male mice. J Pharm 1998; 50:1065–1068.
131. Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia pupurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J Ethnopharm 1999; 67:233-239.
132. Andallu B, Radhika B. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Ind J Exp Bio 2000; 38:607-609.
133. Javaid A, Shafique S, Shafiqu S. Herbicidal effects of extracts and residue incorporation of Datura metel against Parthenium weed. J Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:1426-1437.
134. Mhaskar KS, Blatter E, Caius JF. Indian medicinal plants (New Dehli, Sri satugari publications) 2000; 8:2447-2449.
135. Shah GL, Gopal GC. Ethanomedical notes from tribal inhabitants of the northgujarat (India). J Eco Tax Bot 1985; 6:193-201.
136. Sharma MP, Ahmad J, Hussain A, Khan S. Folklore medicinal plants of mewat (Gurgaon district) haryana india. Int J pharmacog 1992; 30:129-134.
137. Heyninck K, Lahtela–Kakkonen M, Van der Veken P, Haegeman G, Berghe WV. Withaferin A inhibits NF–kappaB activation by targeting cysteine 179 in IKKβ. Biochem Pharma 2014; 19:501-509.
138. Gupta M, Kaur G. Aqueous extract from the Withania somnifera leaves as a potential anti–neuroinflammatory agent: a mechanistic study. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:193-210.
139. Sethi PD, Thiagarajan AR, Subramanian SS. Studies on the anti–inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of withaferin A. Ind J Pharma 1970; 2:165-172.
140. Begum VH, Sadique J. Long–term effect of herbal drug Withania somnifera on adjuvant–induced arthritis in rats. Ind J Exp Bio 1988; 26:877-882.
141. Sudhir S, Budhiraja RD, Miglani GP, Arora B, Gupta LC, Garg NK. Pharmacological studies on leaves of Withania somnifera. Planta Medica 1986; 1:61-63.
142. Sivamani S, Joseph B, Kar B. Anti–inflammatory activity of Withania somnifera leaf extract in stainless steel implant induced inflammation in adult zebrafish. J Genetic Eng Biotech 2014; 12:1-6.
143. Rasool M, Latha LM, Varalakshmi P. Effect of Withania somnifera on lysosomal acid hydrolases in adjuvant–induced arthritis in rats. Pharm Pharma Comm 2000; 6:187-190.
144. Kulkarni RR, Patki PS, Jog VP, Gandage SG, Patwardhan B. Treatment of osteoarthritis with a herbomineral formulation: a double–blind, placebo–controlled, cross–over study. J Ethnopharma 1991; 33:91-95.
145. Gupta A, Singh S. Evaluation of anti–inflammatory effect of Withania somnifera root on collagen–induced arthritis in rats. Pharma Bio 2014; 52:308-320.
146. Zhang H, Samadi AK, Cohen MS, Timmermann BN. Antiproliferative withanolides from the solanaceae: a structure–activity study. Pure App Chem 2012; 84:1353-1367.
147. Gaur R, Kumar K. Insect growth–regulating effects of Withania somnifera in a polyphagous pest, Spodoptera litur. Phytoparasitica 2010; 38:237-241.
148. Dalzell NA, Gibson A. In the Bombay flora together with the supplement of introduced species (Bombay) 1861.
149. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakshan Limited: Bombay, India. 1976:1291.
150. Singariya P, Mourya KK, Kumar P. Comparative microcidal activity of Withania somnifera and Cenchrus setigerus against the pathogenic micro–organisms. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011; 3:511-515.
151. Singariya P, Kumar P, Mourya K. Antibacterial and antifungal potential of some polar solvent extracts of Ashwagandha (Solanaceae) against the nosocomial pathogens. Int J Green Pharm 2012; 6:17-22.
152. Datta S, Pal NKK, Nandy AK. Inhibition of the emergence of multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Withania somnifera root extracts. Asi Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4:917-920.
153. Yadav CS, Kumar V, Suke SG, Ahmed RS, Mediratta PK, Banerjee BD. Propoxur–induced acetylcholine esterase inhibition and impairment of cognitive function: attenuation by Withania somnifera. Ind J Biochem Biophy 2010; 47:117-120.
154. Sharma M, Kaur R, Puri S. Bio herbicidal efficiency of Withania somnifera against important himalayan weeds. Int J Pharm Pharma Sci 2017; 9:88-98.
155. Girish KS, Shashidharamurthy R, Nagaraju S, Gowda TV, Kemparaju K. Isolation and characterization of hyaluronidase a “spreading factor” from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom. Biochim 2004; 86:193-202.
156. Machiah DK, Girish KS, Gowda TV. A glycoprotein from a folk medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, inhibits hyaluronidase activity of snake venoms. Comp Biochem Phys 2006; 143:158-161.
157. Kumar A, Kumar R, Rahman MS, Iqubal MS, Anand G, Niraj PK, et al. Phytoremedial effect of Withania somnifera against arsenic–induced testicular toxicity in charles foster rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2015; 5:355-364.
158. Yankanchi SR, Gadache AH. Grain protectant efficacy of certain plant extracts against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Biopesticides 2010; 3:511-513.
159. Sakthivadivel M, Daniel T. Evaluation of certain insecticidal plants for the control of vector mosquitoes viz Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. App Entom Zoo 2008; 43:57-63.
160. Bhattacharya SK, Satyan KS, Chakrabarti A. Effect of Transina (TR), an ayurvedic herbal formulation, on pancreatic islet superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hyperglycaemic rats. Ind J Exp Bio 1997; 3:297-299.
161. Sabina EP, Rasool M, Vedi M, Navaneethan D, Ravichander M, Parthasarty P, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Withania somnifera against paracetamol–induced liver damage in rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013; 5:648-651.
162. Mohanty IA, Arya DS, Dinda A, Talwar KK, Joshi SS, Gupta SK. Mechanism of cardioprotective effect of Withania Somnifera in experimentally induced mycocardial infraction. Basic Clinical Pharma Tox 2004; 94:184-190.
163. Prince PSM, Selvaraju S, Devika PT, Vaithianathan M. Cardioprotective effect of marutham: a polyherbal formulation on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in wistar rats. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:433-438.
164. Doddanna SJ, Patel S, Sundarrao MA, Veerabhadrappa RS. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Ind J Dent Res 2013; 24:401-405.
165. Arora S, Dhillon S, Rani G, Nagpal A. The in–vitro antibacterial/synergistic activities of Withania somnifera extracts. Fitoterapia 2014; 75:385-388.
166. Mahesh B, Satish S. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human pathogens. World J Agr Sci 2008; 4:839-843.
167. Bisht P, Rawat V. Antibacterial activity of Withania somnifera against Gram–positive isolates from pus samples. Ayu 2014; 35:330-332.
168. Rizwana H, Al–Hazzani AA, Shehata AI, Safouh–Moubayed NM. Antibacterial potential of Withania somnifera L against human pathogenic bacteria. Afr J Microbio Res 2012; 6:4810-4815.
169. Nefzi A, Abdallah RAB, Jabnoun–Khiareddine H, Medimagh–Saïdana S, Haouala R, Daami–Remad M. Antifungal activity of aqueous and organic extracts from Withania somnifera L against Fusarium oxysporum sp radicis–lycopersici. J Microbio Biochem Tech 2016; 8:144-150.
170. Sergio–Lizano S, Domont G, Perales J. Natural phospholipase A2 myotoxin inhibitor proteins from snakes, mammals and plants. Toxicon 2003; 42:63-977.
171. Javaid A, Shafique S, Shafique S. Herbicidal activity of Withania somnifera and Datura Alba against Rumex Dentatus. J Agr Res 2009; 47:37-45.
172. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants–An Illustrated Dictionary First Indian Reprint. Springer (India), Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2007:717-718.
173. Al–Hindawi MK, Al–Khafaji SH, Abdul–Nabi MH. Anti–granuloma activity of Iraqi Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharma 1992; 37:113-116.
174. Rasool M, Varalakshmi P. Immunomodulatory role of Withania somnifera root powder on experimental induced inflammation: An in–vivo and in–vitro study. Vas Pharma 2006; 44:406-410.
175. Sahni YP, Srivastava DN. Anti–inflammatory activity of Withania somnifera: Possible mode of action. J App Ani Res 1993; 3:129-136.
176. Anbalagan K, Sadique J. Influence of an Indian medicine (Ashwagandha) on acute–phase reactants in inflammation. Ind J Exp Bio 1981; 19:245-249.
177. Somasundaram S, Sadique J, Subramoniam A. Influence of extra–intestinal inflammation on the in–vitro absorption of 14C–glucose and the effects of anti–inflammatory drugs in the jejunum of rats. Clin Exp Pharm Phys 1983; 10:147-152.
178. Sumantran VN, Chandwaskar R, Boddul S, Patwardhan B, Chopra A, Wagh UV. The relationship between chondroprotective and anti–inflammatory effects of Withania somnifera root and glucosamine sulphate on human osteoarthritic cartilage in–vitro. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1342-1348.
179. Anbalagan K, Sadique J. Role of prostaglandins in acute phase proteins in inflammation. Biochem. Med 1984; 31:236-245.
180. Anabalagan K, Sadique J. Withania somnifera, a rejuvenating herbal drug which controls alpha–2 macroglobulin synthesis during inflammation. Int J Crude Drug Res 1985; 23:177-183.
181. Chandra S, Chatterjee P, Dey P, Bhattacharya S. Evaluation of anti–inflammatory effect of ashwagandha: a preliminary study in vitro. Pharmacognosy J 2012; 4:47-49.
182. Khan H, Tariq SA, Khan MA, Rahman IU, Ghaffar R, Ullah S. Cholinesterase and lipoxygenase inhibition of whole plant Withania somnifera. Afr J Pharm Pharma 2011; 5:2272-2275.
183. Al–Hindawi MK, Al–Deen HS, Nabi HAM, Ismail MA. Anti–inflammatory activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharma 1989; 26:163-168.
184. Orrù A, Marchese G, Casu G, Casu MA, Kasture S, Cottiglia F, et al. Withania somnifera root extract prolongs analgesia and suppresses hyperalgesia in mice treated with morphine. Phytomed 2014; 21:745-752.
185. Giri KR. Comparative study of anti–inflammatory activity of
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) with hydrocortisone in experimental animals (Albino rats). J Med Plants Stud 2016:78-83.
186. Kulkarni SK, Akula KK, Dhir A. Effect of Withania somnifera dunal root extract against pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold in mice: possible involvement of GABAergic system. Ind J Exp Bio 2008; 46:465-469.
187. Khan MA, Ahmad RS, Chandra N, Arora VK, Ali A. In–vivo extract of Withania somnifera roots ameliorates arthritis via regulation of key immune mediator of inflammation in experimental model of arthritis. Anti Inflam Anti All Agents in Med Chem 2019; 18:55-70.
188. Caputi FF, Rullo L, Acquas E, Ciccocioppo R, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Evidence of a PPAR– γ mediated mechanism in the ability of Withania somnifera to attenuate tolerance to the anti–nociceptive effect of morphine. Pharm Res 2019; 139:422-430.
189. Lim DW, Kim JG, Lim EY, Kim YT. Antihyperalgesic effect of ashwagandha( W somnifera root extract) in rat model of post operative and neuropathic pain. Inflammopharm 2018; 26:207-215.
190. Githaiga BM, lelmen E, Mwangi EM, Waithaka PN. Effects of Withania somnifera root extract on serotonin secretion in suiz albino mice. J Pharm Bio Sci 2018; 6:109-113.
191. Ichikawa H, Takada Y, Shishodia S, Jayaprakasam B, Nair MG, Aggarwal BB. Withanolides potentiate apoptosis, inhibit invasion, and abolish osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor–κβ (NF–κβ) activation and NF–κβ–regulated gene expression. Mole Can Ther 2006; 5:1434-1445.
192. Prasanna KS, Shilpa P, Salimath BP. Withaferin A suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells via Sp1 transcription factor. Curr Biotech Pharm 2009; 3:138-148.
193. Mathur S, Kaur P, Sharma M, Katyal A, Singh B, Tiwari M, et al. The treatment of skin carcinoma, induced by UV B radiation, using 1–oxo–5β, 6β–epoxy–witha–2–enolide, isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera, in a rat model. Phytomed 2004; 11:452-460.
194. Shah DR, Palaskar SJ, Pawar RB, Punse RR. Withania somnifera: A new approach to cancer. Pac J AABS 2018; 5:1-7.
195. Yousefian Z, Hosseini B, Rezadoost H, Palazón J, Mirjalili MH. Production of anticancerous compound Withaferin A fromgenetically transformed hairy root culture of Withania somnifera. Nat Prod Comm 2018; 13:943-948.
196. Achar GSPK, Prabhakar PT, Rao S, George T, Abraham S, Sequeria N, et al. Scientific validation of the usefulness of Withania somnifera dunal in prevention and treatment of cancer. Anti–cancer plant: Properties and application 2018:285-300.
197. Panjamurthy K, Manoharan S, Menon VP, Nirmal MR, Senthil N. Protective role of withaferin–A on 7, 12–dimethylbenz(a)anthracene–induced genotoxicity in bone marrow of Syrian golden hamsters. J Biochem Mol Tox 2008; 22:251-258.
198. Prakash J, Gupta SK, Dinda AK. Withania somnifera root extract prevents DMBA–induced squamous cell carcinoma of skin in Swiss albino mice. Nut Cancer 2002; 42:91-97.
199. Dar PA, Mir SA, Bhat JA, Hamid A, Singh LR, Malik F, et al. An anti–cancerous protein fraction from Withania somnifera induces ROS dependent mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human MDA–MB–231 breast cancer cells. Int J Bio Macr Mol 2019; 135:77-87.
200. Naidoo DB, Chuturgoon AA, Phulukdaree A, Guruprasad KP, Satymoothy K, Sewram V. W somnifera modulates cancer cachexia associated inflammatory cytokines and cell death in leukemic THP–1 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). BMC Compl Alt Med 2018; 18:1-11.
201. Sood A, Mehrotra A, Dhawan DK, Sandhir R. Indian ginsing (Withania somnifera) supplementations ameliorates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental model of stroke. Meta Brain Dis 2018:1-14.
202. Singh N, Singh SP, Nath R, Singh DR, Gupta ML, Kohli RP, et al. Prevention of urethane induced lung adenomas by Withania somnifera (L) Dunal in albino mice. Int J Crude Drug Res 1986; 24:90-100.
203. Gupta YK, Sharma SS, Rai K, Katiyar CK. Reversal of paclitaxel induced neutropenia by Withania somnifera in mice. Ind J Phy Pharma 2001; 45:253-257.
204. Bone K. Clinical applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese herbs Phytother Press Warwick 1996:137-141.
205. Dhuley JN. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in frogs and rats. J Ethnopharm 2007; 70:57-63.
206. Maheswari R, Manisha P. Withania Somnifera L: Root extract ameliorates toxin induced cytotoxicity. Int J Pharma Sci Res 2015; 6:848-855.
207. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A review. Alter Med Rev 2000; 5:334-346.
208. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic–antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomed 2000; 7:463-469.
209. Harikrishnan B, Subramanian P, Subash S. Effect of Withania somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory lipid peroxidation and liver marker enzymes in chronic hyperammonemia. J Chem 2008; 5:872-877.
210. Akbarsha MA, Vijendrakumar S, Kadalmani B, Girija R, Faridha A. Curative property of Withania somnifera Dunal root in the context of carbendazim–induced histopathological changes in the liver and kidney of rat. Phytomed 2000; 7:499-507.
211. Russo A, Izzo AA, Cardile V, Borrelli F, Vanella A. Indian medicinal plants as antiradicals and DNA cleavage protectors. Phytomed 2001; 8:125-132.
212. Davis L, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharm 2000; 71:193-200.
213. Chandran U, Patwardhan B. Network ethnopharmacological evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharm 2017; 197:250-256.
214. Ghosal S, Lal J, Srivastava R, Bhattacharya SK, Upadhyay SN, Jaiswal SK, et al. Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res 1989; 3:201-206.
215. Gautam M, Diwanay SS, Gairola S, Shinde YS, Jadhav SS, Patwardhan BK. Immune response modulation to DPT vaccine by aqueous extract of Withania somnifera in experimental system. Int J Immunopharma 2004; 4:841-849.
216. CDP Tripathi, PK Kushawaha, RS Sangwan, C Mandal, S Misra–Bhattacharya, A Dube. Withania somnifera chemotype NMITLI 101R significantly increases the efficacy of antileishmanial drugs by generating strong IFN–γ and IL–12 mediated immune responses in Leishmania donovani infected hamsters. Phytomed 2017; 24:87-95.
217. John J. Therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: a report on phyto–pharmacological properties. Int J Pharma Sci Res 2014; 5:2131-2148.
218. Chengappa KNR, Brar JS, Gannon JM, Schlicht PJ. Adjunctive use of standardize extract of Withania saminfera to treat symptom exacerbation in Schizophrenia: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. J Clin Pschyti 2018; 79:1-13.
219. Pandey A, Bani S, Dutt P, Satti NK, Suri KA, Qazi GB. Multifuctionla neuroprotective effect of withanone, a compound from Withania somnifera roots in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. Cytokin 2017; 102:211-221
220. Saroya AS, Singh J. Neuropharmacology of Withania somnifera dunal. Pharmaco Ther Pot Nat Prod Neuro Dis 2018:159-165.
221. Bassareo V, Talani G, Porru S, Rosas M. Inhibition of morphine– and ethanol– mediated stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine neurons by Withania somnifera. Front Neuro Sci 2019; 13:1-11.
222. Sonar VP, B Fois, Distinto S, Maccion E, Meleddu R, Cottiglia F, et al. Ferulic acid ester and withanolides: In search of Withania somnifera GABAa receptor modulator. J Nat Prod 2019:1-8.
223. Bhatnagar M, Sharma D, Salvi M. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera dunal: a possible mechanism. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1975-1983.
224. Kumar A, Kulkarni SK. Effect of BR–16A (Mentat), a polyherbal formulation on drug–induced catalepsy in mice. Ind J Exp Bio 2006; 44:45-48.
225. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya D, Sairam K, Ghosal S. Effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides on a rat model of tardive dyskinesia. Phytomed 2002; 9:167-170.
226. Alzoubi KH, Al–Hilo AS, Al–balas QA, El–Salem K, El–Elimat T, Alall FQ. Withania somnifera root powder protect against post traumatic stress disorder induced memory impairment. Mol Bio Rep 2019; 46:4709-4715.
227. Birla H, Keswani C, Rai SN, Singh SS, Zahra W, Dilnashin H, et al. neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera in BPA induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in mice. Behav Brain Funct 2019; 15:1-9.
228. Tiwari P, Patel RK. Diuretic activity of ashwagandharishta prepared by traditional and modern methods in experimental rats. Pharmacology online 2011; 1:740-747.
229. Singh N, Singh SP, Sinha JN, Shanker K, Kohli RP. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) a rejuvenator herbal drug which enhances survival during stress (An adaptogen). Int J Crude Drug Res 1982; 3:29-35.
230. Bhattacharya SK, Goel RK, Kaur R, Ghosal S. Anti–stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, New acyl–sterylglycosides from Withania somnifera. Phytother Res 1987; 1:32-37.
231. Dadkar VN, Ranadive NU, HL Dhar. Evaluation of antistress (adaptogen) activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Ind J Clin Biochem 1987; 2:101-108.
232. Anju. Adaptogenic and anti–stress activity of Withania somnifera in stress induced mice. Res J Pharma Bio Chem Sci 2011; 2:676-684.
233. Candelario M, Cuellar E, Reyes–Ruiz JM, Darabedian N, Feimeng Z, Miledi R, et al. Direct evidence for GABAergic activity of Withania somnifera on mammalian ionotropic GABA A and GABAρ receptors. J Ethnopharmaco 2015; 17:264-272.
234. Narindarpal K, Junaid N, Raman B. A review on pharmacological profile of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). Res Rev J Bot Sci 2013; 2:6-14.
235. Kaurav BPS, Wanjari MM, Chandekar A, Chauhan NS, Upmanyu N. Influence of Withania somnifera on obsessive compulsive disorder in mice. Asi Pac J Trop Med 2012; 5:380-384.
236. Dey A, Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Low dose effects of a Withania somnifera extract on altered marble burying behavior in stressed mice. J Int Ethnopharmacol 2016; 5:274-277.
237. Malhotra CL, Das PK, Dhalla NS, Prasad K. Studies on Withania ashwagandha, Kaul III the effect of total alkaloids on the cardiovascular system and respiration. Ind J Med Res 1981; 49:448-460.
238. Gupta SK, Mohanty I, Talwar KK, Dinda A, Joshi S, Bansal P, et al. Cardioprotection from ischemia and reperfusion injury by Withania somnifera: A hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological assessment. Mole Cell Biochem 2004; 260:39-47.
239. Mary NK, Babu BH, Padikkala J. Antiatherogenic effect of Caps HT2, a herbal ayurvedic medicine formulation. Phytomed 2003; 10:474-482.
240. Mohanty IR, Arya DS, Gupt SK. Withania somnifera provides cardioprotection and attenuates ischemia–reperfusion induced apoptosis. Clinical Nut 2008; 27:635-642.
241. Thirunavukkarasu M, Penumathsa S, Juhasz B, Zhan L, Bagchi M, Yasmin T, et al. Enhanced cardiovascular function and energy level by novel chromium (III)–supplement. Biofactors 2006; 27:53-67.
242. Kim S, Yu JS, Lee JY, Choi SU, Lee J, Kim KH. Cytotoxic withanolides from roots of indian Ginseng (Withania somnifera). J Nat Prod 2018:1-9.
243. Manchanda S, Mishra R, Singh R, Kaur T, Kaur G. Aqueous leaf extract of Withania somnifera as a potential neuroprotective agent in sleep–deprived rats: a mechanistic study. Mole Neurobio 2017; 54:3050-3061.
244. Patel SB, Rao NJ, Hingorani LL. Safety assessment of Withania somnifera extract standardized for withaferin A: Acute and sub–acute toxicity study. J Ayu Integ Med 2016; 7:30-37.
245. Rathod P, Ingole R, Khose K. Protective effect of (Ashwagandha) Withania somnifera root powder on general performance and hematological profile against Fenvalerate induced toxicity in cockerels. J Ent Zoo Study 2019; 7:289-294.
246. Sahni YP, Sharma M, Pandey GP. Studies on phytochemistry and toxicity of Withania somnifra. Int J Ani Vete Fishery All Sci 2014; 1:12-16.
247. Sharada A, Solomon F, Devi P. Toxicity of Withania somnifera root extract in rats and mice. Int J Pharmacog 1993; 31:205-212.
248. Pandey M, Adhikari L, Semalty A, Semalty M. Preparation and evaluation of hair growth formulations of indian ginseng (Withania somnifera) for alopecia. Asian J Bio Sci 2019; 12:1-10.
249. Dumore NG, Umekar MJ, Taksande BG, Aglawe MM. Withania somnifera attenuates nicotine induced locomotor sensitization and withdrawl symptoms in mice. J Phytopharm 2018; 7:180-184.
250. Kumar R, Rai J, Kajal NC, Devi P. Comparative study of effect of Withania somnifera as an adjuvant to DOTS in patients and newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Ind J Tuber C 2018; 65:246-251.
251. Laylani LASS, Saleh AH. Alcholic extract effect of Withania somnifera roots on cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia in male rabbits. Iraqi J Sci 2018; 59:267-270.
252. Saddiqe Z, Khalid S, Maimoona A. In–vitro anthelmintic activity of extracts of Withania somnifera. J Nat App Sci Pak 2019; 1:89-97.
253. Kasar SS, Giri AP, Pawar PK, Maheswari UL. A protein alpha–amylase inhibitor from Withania somnifera and its role in overall quality and nutritional value improvement of potato chips during processing. Food Bio Process Tech 2019; 12:636-644.
254. Robin PK, Nikita V, Kumar NSS. Determination of MTD and effect of combined sub-acute exposure of cypermethrin and deltamethrin and its amelioration by Withania somnifera and resveratrol in rats. J Ent Zoo Study 2019:926-931.
255. Kumari P, Singh SK, Dimri U, Kataria M, Ahlawat S. Immunostimulatory activities of Withania somnifera root extract in dexamethasone induced immunocompromised mice and in vitro model. Asian J Compl Alter Med 2014; 2:6-10.
256. Ahmad MK, Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Islam N, Rajendar S, Madhukar D, et al. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:989-996.
257. Azgomi RND, Zomorrudi A, Nazemyieh H, Fazljou SMB, Bazargani HS, Nejatbakhsh F, et al. Effects of Withania somnifera on reproductive system: a systematic review of available evidence. Bio Med Res Int 2018 2018; 2018:1-17.
258. Durg S, Shivaram SB, Barage S. Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) in male infertility: An evidence based systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomed 2017: 50:247-256.
259. Mahdi AA, Shukla KK, Ahmad MK, Rajendar S, Shankhwar SN, Singh V, et al. Withania somnifera improves semen quality in stress–related male fertility. Evi Based Compl Alter Med 2011; 2011:1-9.
260. Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Mishra V, Rajendar S, Sankhwar SN, Patel D, et al. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by combating oxidative stress and cell death and improving essential metal concentrations. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 22:421-427.
261. Dongre S, Langade D, Bhattacharyya S. Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in improving sexual function in women: A pilot study. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:1-9.
262. Choudhary B, Shetty A, and Langade DG. Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L] Dunal) in improving cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy athletic adults. Ayu 2015; 36:63-68.
263. Biswal BM, Sulaiman SA, Ismail HC, Zakaria H, Musa KI. Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the development of chemotherapy–induced fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Integ Cancer Ther XX 2013; 12:312-322.
264. Mishra SK, Trikamji B. A clinical trial with Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) extract in the management of sarcopenia (muscle aging). J Org Biomole Chem 2013; 1:187-194.
265. Wankhede S, Langade D, Joshi K, Sinha SR, Bhattacharya S. Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: A randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nut 2015; 12:43-54.
266. Mikolai J, Erlandsen A, Murison A, Brown KA, Gregory WL, Raman–Caplan P, et al. In vivo effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytes. J Alter Compl Med 2009; 15:423-430.
267. Ruhela RK, Soni S, Medhi B. Therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera in CNS disorders: A neuropharmacological review. Eur J Med Plants 2016; 18:1-2.
268. Andrade C. Ashwagandha for anxiety disorders. World J Biol Psych 2009; 10:686-687.
269. Saini N. A clinical trial for the efficacy of Ashwagandha powder in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Med Drug Res 2018; 2:1-5.
270. Jahanbakhsh SP, Manteghi AA, Emami SA, Mahyari S, Gholampour B, Mohammadpour AH, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. Comp Thera Med 2016; 27:25-29.
271. Archana R, Namasivayam A. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 64:91-93.
272. Auddy B, Hazra J, Mitra A, Abedon B, Ghosal S. A standardized Withania somnifera extract significantly reduces stress related parameters in chronically stressed humans: A double blind randomized placebo controlled study. J Amer Med Ass 2008; 11:51-57.
273. Cooley K, Szczurko O, Perri D, Mills EJ, Bernhardt B, Zhou Q, et al. Naturopathic care for anxiety: A randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974. PLoS One 2009; 4:6628-6638.
274. Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty SA. Prospective, randomized doubleblind, placebo–controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high concentration full–spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Ind J Psyc Med 2012; 34:255-262.
275. Khyati SS, Anup BT. A randomized double blind placebo controlled study of ashwagandha on generalized anxiety disorder. Int Ayu Med J 2013; 1:1-7.
276. Andrade C, Aswath A, Chaturvedi SK, Srinivasa M, Raguram A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera. Indian J Psy 2000; 42:295-301.