1. Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Azemi AK, Omar MH, Mohtarrudin N, Ahmad Z, et al. Mechanism (s) of action underlying the gastroprotective effect of ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the crude methanolic leaves extract of Muntingia calabura. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16:78-94.
2. Essiet G, Akuodor G, Essien A, Akpan J, Asika E, Nworie E, et al. Protective effects of salacia lehmbachii aqueous root bark extract against gastric ulcer in wistar rats. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci 2017; 3:306-309
3. Abdel-Salam OM, Sleem AA, Medhat D, Salama RA, Morsy FA, Farrag ARH, et al. Methylene blue protects against acidified sodium taurocholate-induced gastric mucosal damage. ROS 2019; 7:93–105-193–105.
4. Choi YH, Lee JH, Shin JJ, Cho YS. A revised risk analysis of stress ulcers in burn patients receiving ulcer prophylaxis. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2015; 2:250-255.
5. Magierowski M, Jasnos K, Pawlik M, Krzysiek-Maczka G, Ptak-Belowska A, Olszanecki R, et al. RETRACTION: Role of angiotensin-(1–7) in gastroprotection against stress-induced ulcerogenesis. the involvement of mas receptor, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and sensory neuropeptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:717-726.
6. Shian WM, Sasaki I, Kamiyama Y, Naito H, Matsuno S, Miyazawa T. The role of lipid peroxidation on gastric mucosal lesions induced by water-immersion-restraint stress in rats. Surgery today 2000; 30:49-53.
7. Xie W, Huang X, Chen R, Chen R, Li T, Wu W, et al. Esomeprazole alleviates the damage to stress ulcer in rats through not only its antisecretory effect but its antioxidant effect by inactivating the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2969.
8. Bozkurt İ, Dilek E, Erol HS, Çakir A, Hamzaoğlu E, Koç M, et al. Investigation on the effects of pomiferin from maclura pomifera on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer: An experimental study in rats. Med Chem Res 2017; 26:2048-2056.
9. Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623.
10. Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 74:129-180.
11. Console-Bram L, Marcu J, Abood ME. Cannabinoid receptors: nomenclature and pharmacological principles. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:4-15.
12. Taschler U, Eichmann TO, Radner FP, Grabner GF, Wolinski H, Storr M, et al. Monoglyceride lipase deficiency causes desensitization of intestinal cannabinoid receptor type 1 and increased colonic mu-opioid receptor sensitivity. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4419-4429.
13. Adami M, Zamfirova R, Sotirov E, Tashev R, Dobrinova Y, Todorov S, et al. Gastric antisecretory effects of synthetic cannabinoids after central or peripheral administration in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64:357-361.
14. Izzo AA, Coutts AA. Cannabinoids and the digestive tract. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005; 168:573-598.
15. Meet P, Shelini S, Asyia A. Cannabis use in patients presenting to a gastroenterology clinic: Associations with symptoms, endoscopy findings, and esophageal manometry gastrointest disord 2019; 1:301–307.
16. Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463.
17. Di Sabatino A, Battista N, Biancheri P, Rapino C, Rovedatti L, Astarita G, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:574-583.
18. Gyires K, Zádori Z. Role of cannabinoids in gastrointestinal mucosal defense and inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:935-951.
19. Adinortey MB, Ansah C, Galyuon I, Nyarko A. In vivo models used for evaluation of potential antigastroduodenal ulcer agents. Ulcers 2013; 2013:1-12.
20. Mózsik G, Móron F, Jávor T. Cellular mechanisms of the development of gastric mucosal damage and of gastrocytoprotection induced by prostacyclin in rats. A pharmacological study. Prostagland Leukot Med 1982; 9:71-84.
21. Uchiyama M, Mihara M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal Biochem 1978; 86:271-278.
22. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959; 82:70-77.
23. Higashino K, Takahashi Y, Yamamura Y. Release of phenyl acetate esterase from liver microsomes by carbon tetrachloride. Clinica Chimica Acta 1972; 41:313-320.
24. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric oxide 2001; 5:62-71.
25. Drury R, Wallington E. Carleton’s histological technique. New York, Tronto: Oxford University Press; 1980.
26. Nita M, Grzybowski A. The role of the reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of the age-related ocular diseases and other pathologies of the anterior and posterior eye segments in adults. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016:1-23.
27. Li Y-M, Lu G-M, Zou X-P, Li Z-S, Peng G-Y, Fang D-C. Dynamic functional and ultrastructural changes of gastric parietal cells induced by water immersion-restraint stress in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3368.
28. Musumba C, Pritchard D, Pirmohamed M. cellular and molecular mechanisms of NSAID‐induced peptic ulcers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30:517-531.
29. Salama RA, Abdelsalam RM, Abdel‐Salam O, Khattab MM, Salem NA, El‐Khyat ZA, et al. Modulation of gastric acid secretion by cannabinoids in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22256.
30. Germanò MP, D’Angelo V, Mondello MR, Pergolizzi S, Capasso F, Capasso R, et al. Cannabinoid CB 1-mediated inhibition of stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 2001; 363:241-244.
31. Shujaa N, Zadori Z, Ronai A, Barna I, Mergl Z, Mozes M, et al. Analysis of the effect of neuropeptides and cannabinoids in gastric mucosal defense initiated centrally in the rat. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60:93-100.
32.Wehr H, Bednarska-Makaruk M, Graban A, Lipczyńska-Ło jkowska W, Rodo M, Bochyńska A, et al. Paraoxonase activity and dementia. J Neurol Sci 2009; 283:107-108.
33. Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, Bellini T, Bosi C, Ortolani B, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2‐year conversion to dementia: A pilot study. J Neurochem 2015; 135:395-401.
34. Cakmak A, Zeyrek D, Atas A, Selek S, Erel O. Oxidative status and paraoxonase activity in children with asthma. Clin Investig Med 2009:E327-E334.
35. Abdel-Salam OM, El-Shamarka ME-S, Shaffee N, Gaafar AE-DM. Study of the effect of Cannabis sativa on liver and brain damage caused by thioacetamide. Comp Clin Path 2014; 23:495-507.
36. Childers SR, Deadwyler SA. Role of cyclic AMP in the actions of cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:819-827.
37. Hoddah H, Marcantoni A, Comunanza V, Carabelli V, Carbone E. L-type channel inhibition by CB1 cannabinoid receptors is mediated by PTX-sensitive G proteins and cAMP/PKA in GT1-7 hypothalamic neurons. Cell calcium 2009; 46:303-312.
38. Yamagishi S-i, Edelstein D, Du X-l, Kaneda Y, Guzmán M, Brownlee M. Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25096-25100.
39. Savchenko VL. Regulation of NADPH oxidase gene expression with PKA and cytokine IL-4 in neurons and microglia. Neurotox Res 2013; 23:201-213.
40. Lipina C, Hundal HS. Modulation of cellular redox homeostasis by the endocannabinoid system. Open Biol 2016; 6:150276.
41. Kim SH, Won SJ, Mao XO, Jin K, Greenberg DA. Involvement of protein kinase A in cannabinoid receptor-mediated protection from oxidative neuronal injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:88-94.
42. Lee I-T, Yang C-M. Role of NADPH oxidase/ROS in pro-inflammatory mediators-induced airway and pulmonary diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:581-590.
43. Jia Y-T, Wei W, Ma B, Xu Y, Liu W-J, Wang Y, et al. Activation of p38 MAPK by reactive oxygen species is essential in a rat model of stress-induced gastric mucosal injury. J Immunol
2007; 179:7808-7819.
44. Jamontt J, Molleman A, Pertwee RG, Parsons M. The effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination on damage, inflammation and in vitro motility disturbances in rat colitis. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:712-723.
45. Shang VCM, Kendall DA, Roberts RE. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol reverses TNFα-induced increase in airway epithelial cell permeability through CB2 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 120:63-71.
46. Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrino 2009; 23:33-49.
47. Liu W, Okajima K, Murakami K, Harada N, Isobe H, Irie T. Role of neutrophil elastase in stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. J Lab Clin Med 1998; 132:432-439.
48. Tepperman B, Vozzolo B, Soper B. Effect of neutropenia on gastric mucosal integrity and mucosal nitric oxide synthesis in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:2056-2061.
49. Khan AA, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH. Myeloperoxidase as an active disease biomarker: Recent biochemical and pathological perspectives. Med Sci 2018; 6:33.
50. Pálinkás Z, Furtmüller PG, Nagy A, Jakopitsch C, Pirker KF, Magierowski M, et al. Interactions of hydrogen sulfide with myeloperoxidase. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1516-1532.
)