1. Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018;20:12-13.
2. Payab M, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Shahbal N, Qorbani M, Aletaha A, Haghi-Aminjan H, et al. Effect of the herbal medicines in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Phytother Res 2020;34:526-545.
3.Hosseini A, Hosseinzadeh H. A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2015;38:1147-1157.
4. Razavi B, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Nigella sativa L. and its constituent, thymoquinone, in metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2014;37:1031-1040.
5. Akaberi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a potential candidate for the therapy of the metabolic syndrome. Phytother Res 2016;30:540-556.
6. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Saffron: a promising natural medicine in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. J Food Agric Sci 2017;97:1679-1685.
7. Mollazadeh H, Hosseinzadeh H. Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016;19:1258-1270.
8. Sanati S, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Capsicum annuum L. and its constituent, capsaicin, in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2018;21:439-448.
9. Tabeshpour J, Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Berberis vulgaris and its major component, berberine, in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2017;20:557-568.
10. Tabeshpour J, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of avocado (Persea americana) on metabolic syndrome: A comprehensive systematic review. Phytother Res 2017;31:819-837.
11. Tajmohammadi A, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main constituent, silymarin, as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: a review. Phytother Res 2018;32:1933-1949.
12. Esmaeilzadeh D, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) on metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytother Res 2020;34:2192-2202.
13. Dehghani S, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) on metabolic syndrome: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2019;22:460-468.
14. Hassani FV, Shirani K, Hosseinzadeh H. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: a review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016;389:931-949.
15. Jakubczyk K, Janda K, Szkyrpan S, Gutowska I, Wolska J. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.)--botanical characteristics, biochemical composition and health benefits. Pomeranian J Life Sci 2015;61:191-198.
16. Ait Haj Said A, Otmani ISE, Derfoufi S, Benmoussa A. Highlights on nutritional and therapeutic value of stinging nettle (Urtica Dioica). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:8-14.
17. Otles S, Yalcin B. Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of nettle. Sci World J 2012;2012.
18. Joshi BC, Mukhija M, Kalia AN. Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. Int J Green Pharm (IJGP) 2014;8:201-209.
19. Raimova K, Abdulladjanova N, Kurbanova M, Makhmanov D, Kadirova Sh O, Tashpulatov F. Comprehensive study of the chemical composition of Urtica dioica L. J Crit Rev 2020;7:750-755.
20. Ji T-F, Liu C-H, Wang A-G, Yang J-B, Su Y-L, Yuan L, et al. Studies on the chemical constituents of Urtica dioica L. grown in Tibet Autonomous Region. Zhong yao cai 2007;30:662-664.
21. Ahmadi M, Hajihashemi S, Chehrei A, Hosseini N. Therapeutic effects of Urtica dioica methanolic extract on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Koomesh 2014;15:220-231.
22. Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev 2012;6:1-5.
23. Lichius JJ, Renneberg H, Blaschek W, Aumüller G, Muth C. The inhibiting effects of components of stinging nettle roots on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in mice. Planta medica. 1999;65:666-668.
24. Yang CL, Or TC, Ho MH, Lau AS. Scientific basis of botanical medicine as alternative remedies for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013;44:284-300.
25. Bakhshaee M, Mohammad Pour AH, Esmaeili M, Jabbari Azad F, Alipour Talesh G, Salehi M, et al. Efficacy of supportive therapy of allergic rhinitis by stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) root extract: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled, Clinical Trial. Iran J Pharm Res 2017;16:112-118.
26. Meral I, Kanter M. Effects of Nigella sativa L. and Urtica dioica L. on selected mineral status and hematological values in CCl4-treated rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2003;96:263-270.
27. Simsek C, Selek S, Koca M, Haznedaroglu IC. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to explain the pleiotropic effects of Ankaferd blood stopper. SAGE Open Med 2017;5:1-8.
28. Zhang H, Li N, Li K, Li P. Protective effect of Urtica dioica methanol extract against experimentally induced urinary calculi in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014;10:3157-3162.
29. Akbari H, Fatemi MJ, Iranpour M, Khodarahmi A, Baghaee M, Pedram MS, et al. The healing effect of nettle extract on second degree burn wounds. World J Plast Surg 2015;4:23-28.
30. Fattahi S, Zabihi E, Abedian Z, Pourbagher R, Motevalizadeh Ardekani A, Mostafazadeh A, et al. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of aqueous extract of stinging nettle and in vitro antiproliferative effect on HeLa and BT-474 cell lines. Int J Mol Cell Med 2014;3:102-107.
31. Modarresi-Chahardehi A, Ibrahim D, Fariza-Sulaiman S, Mousavi L. Screening antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Urtica dioica. Revista de biologia tropical 2012;60:1567-1576.
32. Dar SA, Ganai FA, Yousuf AR, Balkhi MUH, Bhat TM, Sharma P. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Urtica dioica. Pharm Biol 2013;51:170-180.
33. Sahraki MR, Mirshekari H, Sahraki AR, Shafighi E. Effect of Urtica dioica decoction on serum glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetic male rats. Zahedan J Res Med Sci (TABIB-E-SHARGH) 2013;15:15-18.
34. Golalipour MJ, Ghafari S, Kouri V, Kestkar AA. Proliferation of the β -cells of pancreas in diabetic rats treated with Urtica dioica. Int J Morphol 2010;28:399-404.
35. Asadi-Samani M, Moradi MT, Mahmoodnia L, Alaei S, Asadi-Samani F, Luther T. Traditional uses of medicinal plants to prevent and treat diabetes; an updated review of ethnobotanical studies in Iran. J Nephropathol 2017;6:118-125.
36. Mahjoub S, Davari S, Moazezi Z, Qujeq D. Hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica in rats. World Appl Sci J 2012;17:1345-1348.
37. Vajic UJ, Grujic-Milanovic J, Miloradovic Z, Jovovic D, Ivanov M, Karanovic D, et al. Urtica dioica L. leaf extract modulates blood pressure and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytomed 2018;46:39-45.
38. Ta Tahri A, Yamani S, Legssyer A, Aziz M, Mekhfi H, Bnouham M, et al. Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of a continuous perfusion of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73:95-100.
39. Ram CV, Giles TD. The evolving definition of systemic arterial hypertension. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010;12:155-158.
40. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020;16:223-237.
41. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Herbs used for the treatment of hypertension and their mechanism of action. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017;19:77-78.
42. Qayyum R, Qamar HMU, Khan S, Salma U, Khan T, Shah AJ. Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive properties of Urtica dioica. J Transl Med 2016;14:1-13.
43. Legssyer A, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Bnouham M, Tahri A, Serhrouchni M, et al. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. in isolated rat heart and aorta. Phytother Res 2002;16:503-507.
44. Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Dassouli A, Serhrouchni M, Benjelloun W. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58:45-54.
45. Samaha AA, Fawaz M, Salami A, Baydoun S, Eid AH. Antihypertensive indigenous lebanese plants: ethnopharmacology and a clinical trial. Biomolecules 2019;9:292-293.
46. Tarighat Esfanjani A, Namazi N, Bahrami A. Effect of hydro-alcoholic nettle extract on lipid profiles and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients. Iran J Endocrinol Metab (IJEM) 2012;13:449-458.
47. Ghalavand A, Motamedi P, Deleramnasab M, Khodadoust M. The effect of interval training and nettle supplement on glycemic control and blood pressure in men with type 2 diabetes. Int J Basic Sci Med 2017;2:33-40.
48. Testai L, Chericoni S, Calderone V, Nencioni G, Nieri P, Morelli I, et al. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81:105-109.
49. Musunuru K. Atherogenic dyslipidemia: cardiovascular risk and dietary intervention. Lipids 2010;45:907-914.
50. Nofer JR, Kehrel B, Fobker M, Levkau B, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. HDL and arteriosclerosis: beyond reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:1-16.
51. Mollazadeh H, Mahdian D, Hosseinzadeh H. Medicinal plants in treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: A review based on their mechanisms and effectiveness. Phytomedicine 2019;53:43-52.
52. Vengerovsky AI, Yakimova TV, Nasanova ON. The influence of nettle and burdock extracts in combination with different diets on dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus model. Voprosy Pitaniia 2015;84:69-75.
53. Nassiri-Asl M, Zamansoltani F, Abbasi E, Daneshi M-M, Zangivand A-A. Effects of Urtica dioica extract on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Chin Integr Med. 1986;7:428-433.
54. Daher CF, Baroody KG, Baroody GM. Effect of Urtica dioica extract intake upon blood lipid profile in the rats. Fitoterapia 2006;77:183-188.
55. Ghorbani A, Shafiee-Nick R, Rakhshandeh H, Borji A. Antihyperlipidemic effect of a polyherbal mixture in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Lipids 2013;8.
56. Mehran MM, Norasfard MR, Abedinzade M, Khanaki K. Lamium album or Urtica dioica? which is more effective in decreasing serum glucose, lipid and hepatic enzymes in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: A comparative study. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2015;12:84-88.
57. Das M, Sarma B, Rokeya B, Parial R, Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, et al. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Urtica dioica on type 2 diabetic model rats. J Diabetol 2011;2:1-6.
58. Abedi Gaballu F, Abedi Gaballu Y, Moazenzade Khyavy O, Mardomi A, Ghahremanzadeh K, Shokouhi B, et al. Effects of a triplex mixture of Peganum harmala, Rhus coriaria, and Urtica dioica aqueous extracts on metabolic and histological parameters in diabetic rats. Pharm Biol 2015;53:1104-1109.
59. Amiri Behzadi A, Kalalian-Moghaddam H, Ahmadi AH. Effects of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A double blind, randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed 2016;6:686-695.
60. Dadvar N, Ghalavand A, Zakerkish M, Hojat S, Alijani E, Mahmoodkhani Kooshkaki R. The effect of aerobic training and Urtica dioica on lipid profile and fasting blood glucose in middle age female with type II diabetes. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2016;15:707-716.
61. Chatterji S, Fogel D. Study of the effect of the herbal composition SR2004 on hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Integr Med Res 2018;7:248-256.
62. Madadi Jaberi M, Vahidian Rezazadeh M, Mogharnasi M, Karaji Bani M. The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and consumption of hydro-alcoholic extract of nettle on apelin and hs-CRP plasma levels of overweight and obese women. Armaghan Danesh 2016;21:846-859.
63. Pourahmadi M, Jashni HK, Maryam B, Jahromi A. The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica root on testes In adult rats. Life Sci J 2014;14:83-90.
64. Khare V, Kushwaha P, Verma S, Gupta A, Srivastava S, Rawat A. Pharmacognostic evaluation and anti-oxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. Chin Med 2012;3:128-135.
65. Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia, Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014;7:348-354.
66. Jeong SM, Kang MJ, Choi HN, Kim JH, Kim JI. Quercetin ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and improves anti-oxidant status in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Nutr Res Prac 2012;6:201-207.
67. Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Epidemiology of diabetes. Med 2019;47:22-27.
68. Schlienger JL. Type 2 diabetes complications. La Presse Médicale 2013;42:839-848.
69. Otoom SA, Al-Safi Sa Fau - Kerem ZK, Kerem Zk Fau - Alkofahi A, Alkofahi A. The use of medicinal herbs by diabetic Jordanian patients. J Herb Pharmacother 2006;6:31-41.
70. Mehri A, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of efficacy and safety of Urtica dioica in the treatment of diabetes. Int J Pharmacol 2011;7:161-170.
71. Sarkhail P. Urtica dioica improves glucose control in diabetes on the basis of animal studies. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2011;6:1034-1036.
72. Haouari M, Rosado J. Phytochemical, anti-diabetic and cardiovascular properties of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae): a review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018;18:63-71.
73. Gallagher AM, Flatt PR, Duffy G, Abdel-Wahab YHA. The effects of traditional antidiabetic plants on in vitro glucose diffusion. Nutr Res 2003;23:413-424.
74. Mobasseri M, Bahrami A, Zargami N, Aliasgarzadeh A, Rhmati M, Delazar A, et al. Effect of total extract of Urtica dioica on insulin and C-peptide secretion from rat (RIN5F) pancreatic β cells and glucose utilization by human muscle cells. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2010;11:721-743.
75. Nickavar B, Yousefian N. Evaluation of α-amylase inhibitory activities of selected antidiabetic medicinal plants. J fur Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit 2011;6:191-195.
76. Rahimzadeh M, Jahanshahi S, Moein S, Moein MR. Evaluation of alpha- amylase inhibition by Urtica dioica and Juglans regia extracts. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014;17:466-470.
77. Onal S, Timur S Fau - Okutucu B, Okutucu B Fau - Zihnioglu F, Zihnioglu F. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extracts of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2005;35:29-36.
78. Bnouham M, Merhfour Fz Fau - Ziyyat A, Ziyyat A Fau - Aziz M, Aziz M Fau - Legssyer A, Legssyer A Fau - Mekhfi H, Mekhfi H. Antidiabetic effect of some medicinal plants of Oriental Morocco in neonatal non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010;29:865-871.
79. Domola MS, Vu V, Robson-Doucette CA, Robson-Doucette C, Sweeney G, Wheeler MB. Insulin mimetics in Urtica dioica: structural and computational analyses of Urtica dioica extracts. Phytother Res 2010;24:175-182.
80.Bouchentouf S. Identification of phenolic compounds from nettle as new candidate inhibitors of main enzymes responsible on type-II diabetes. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2020;17:197-202.
81. Fathi Azad F, Garjani AR, Maleki N, Ranj Doust S. Study of the hypoglycemic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica in normal and diabetic rats. Pharm Sci 2005;1:65-69.
82. Shahraki MR, Mirshekari H, Shahraki AR, Shahraki E, Divband KH. Effect of Urtica dioica Boiling on serum glucose, insulin and lipids in fructose-fed male rats. Ofogh-E-Danesh 2008;14:10-15.
83. Tootoonchi AS, Goodarzi MT, Karimi J, Hoseini Panah M. Antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica on high-fructose fed rats. Clin Biochem 2011;44:332-333.
84. Bnouham M, Merhfour FZ, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Aziz M, Legssyer A. Antihyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica. Fitoterapia 2003;74:677-681.
85. Ahmadi S, Awliaei H, Haidarizadeh M, Rostamzadeh J. The effect of ethanolic extract of Urtica dioica leaves on high levels of blood glucose and gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in liver of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Gene Cell Tissue 2015;2:1-5.
86. Farzami B, Ahmadvand D, Vardasbi S, Majin FJ, Khaghani S. Induction of insulin secretion by a component of Urtica dioica leave extract in perifused Islets of Langerhans and its in vivo effects in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:47-53.
87. Gohari A, Noorafshan A, Akmali M, Zamani-Garmsiri F, Seghatoleslam A. Urtica Dioica distillate regenerates pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Iran J Med Sci 2018;43:174-183.
88. Gol Alipour MJ, Khouri V. Protective effect of the hydroalcholic extract of Urtica dioica leaves on blood glucose concentration and β-cells in hyperglycemic rats. J Babol Uni Med Sci (JBUMS) 2007;9:7-13.
89. Golalipour MJ, Khori V. The protective activity of Urtica dioica leaves on blood glucose concentration and β-cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pakistan J Biologic Sci 2007;10:1200-1204.
90. Qujeq D, Tatar M, Feizi F, Parsian H, Sohan Faraji A, Halalkhor S. Effect of Urtica dioica leaf alcoholic and aqueous extracts on the number and the diameter of the islets in diabetic rats. Int J Mol Cell Med 2013;2:21-26.
91. Petlevski R, Hadžija M, Slijepčević M, Juretić D. Effect of ‘antidiabetis’ herbal preparation on serum glucose and fructosamine in NOD mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;75:181-184.
92. Roman Ramos R, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Lara-Lemus A, Flores-Saenz JL. Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics. Arch Med Res 1992;23:59-64.
93. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10:69-73.
94. Khajeh Mehrizi R, Mozaffari Khosravi H, Ghadiri A, Dehghani A. The effect of Urtica dioica extract on glycemic control and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized doubled-blind clinical trial. Nutr Food Sci Res 2014;1:149-155.
95. Tarighat Esfanjani A, Namazi N, Bahrami A, Ehteshami M. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of nettle (Urtica dioica) on glycemic index and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic patients. Iran J Endocrinol Metab (IJEM) 2012;13:561-568.
96. Ghalavand A, Motamedi P, Delaramnasab M, Khodadoust M, Mahmoodkhani Koosskaki R. Cardiometabolic effects of Urtica dioica in type II diabetes. J Diabetes Nurs 2017;5:59-69.
97. Kianbakht S, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F Fau - Dabaghian FH, Dabaghian FH. Improved glycemic control in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus taking Urtica dioica leaf extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Lab 2013;59:1071-1076.
98. Dabagh S, Nikbakht M. Glycemic control by exercise and Urtica dioica Supplements in men with type 2 diabetes. Jundishapur J Chronic Disease Care 2016;5:50-56.
99. Khalili N, Fereydoonzadeh R, Mohtashami R, Mehrzadi S, Heydari M, Huseini HF. Silymarin, olibanum, and nettle, a mixed herbal formulation in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-Blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017;22:603-608.
100. Said O, Fulder S, Khalil K, Azaizeh H, Kassis E, Saad B. Maintaining a physiological blood glucose level with ‘glucolevel’, a combination of four anti-diabetes plants used in the traditional Arab herbal medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2008;5:421-428.
101. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Sesso HD, Liu S. Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective study and cross-sectional analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24:376-384.
102. Abedinzade M, Rostampour M, Mirzajani E, Khalesi ZB, Pourmirzaee T, Khanaki K. Urtica dioica and Lamium album decrease glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and increase K-Ras in diabetic rats. J Pharmacopunct 2019;22:248-252.
103. Samaha AA, Fawaz M, Salami A, Baydoun S, Eid AH. Antihypertensive indigenous lebanese plants: ethnopharmacology and a clinical trial. Biomolecules 2019;9:292-293.
104. Ahangarpour A, Mohammadian M, Dianat M. Antidiabetic effect of hydroalcholic Urtica dioica leaf extract in male rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance. Iran J Med Sci 2012;37:181-186.
105. Ranjbari A, Azarbayjani MA, Yusof A, Halim Mokhtar A, Akbarzadeh S, Ibrahim MY, et al. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effects of Urtica dioica and swimming activity on diabetic factors and pancreatic beta cells. BMC Complement Alternat Med 2016;16:101-111.
)