Automated ribotyping and antibiotic resistance determining of Bacillus spp from conjunctiva of diabetic patients

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Erzurum Region Education and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Erzurum, Turkey

2 Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Eskisehir Turkey

3 Armedica Eye Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey

Abstract

Objective(s): We aimed to characterize the phenotype and genotype of Bacillus spp isolated from diabetic patients’ eyes, by studying the drug sensitivity patterns with a disc-diffusion method.
Materials and Methods: Fifty eyes of 25 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, with at least 10 years of diabetes history, were included in the study. We analyzed the eyes for the presence of Bacillus spp.; presumptive isolates were identified by morphological, and biochemical tests, and confirmed by the VITEK system. Automated EcoRIribotyping was performed with a RiboPrinter® Microbial CharacterizationSystem. We determinedthe antibiotic resistance of the isolates by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test.
Results: Seven out of 25 patients were on insulin treatment; 7 on oral anti-diabetic medication; and 11 on combination therapy of insulin and oral medications.Among the 28 Bacillus spp isolates, 14 were B. cereus, 11 were B. pumilus, 2 were B. mojavensis and 1 was B. subtilis. Almost all the strains were either resistant or multiresistant, particularly towards cefuroxime, methicillin, and ceftazidime.
Conclusion: Diabetic patients seem to be more prone to B. cereus infections than healthy individuals. It would be greatly beneficial to understand and recognize the prevalence of microorganisms and their resistance patterns for better outcome in ocular surgeries.

Keywords

References

1. Jackson TL, Eykyn SJ, Graham EM, Stanford MR. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: a 17-year prospective series and review of 267 reported cases. Surv Ophthalmol 2003; 48:403–423.
2. Drobniewski FA.Bacillus cereus and related spcies. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:324-338.
3. Granum PE, Lund T.Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 157:223–228.
4. Bhagat N, Nagori S, Zarbin M. Post-traumatic infectious endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2011; 56:214-249.Automated ribotyping of Bacillus spp. from conjunctiva Kıvanç et al
5. O’Day DM, Smith RS, Gregg CR, Turnbull PC, Head WS, Ives JA,et al. The problem of Bacillus species infection with special emphasis on the virulence of Bacillus cereus. Ophthalmology 1981; 88:833–838.
6. Ho PC, O’Day DM, Head WS. Fulminating panophthalmitis due to exogenous infection with Bacillus cereus: report of 4 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66:205-208.
7. David DB, Kirkby GR, Noble BA.Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78:577–580.
8. Das T, Choudhury K, Sharma S, Jalali S, Nuthethi R. The Endophthalmitis Research Group. Clinical profile and outcome in Bacillus endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:1819–1825.
9. Das T, Kunimoto DY, Sharma S, Jalali S, Majji AB, Nagaraja RT,et al. Relationship between clinical presentation and visual outcome in postoperative and posttraumatic endophthalmitis in South Central India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005; 53:5–16.
10. Fritze D. Bacillus identification— traditional approaches. In: Berkeley R, Heyndrickx M, Logan N, De Vos P. editors. Applications and Systematics of Bacillus and Relatives. Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company; 2002. P. 100–123
11. Callegan MC, Kane ST, Cochran DC, Ramadan RT, Chodosh J, McLean C,et al. Virulence factor profiles and antimicrobial susceptibilities of ocular Bacillus isolates. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:693–702.
12. Callegan MC, Gilmore MS, Gregory M, Ramadan RT, Wiskur BJ, Moyer AL,et al. Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host–pathogen interactions. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:189–203.
13. Agaisse H, Gominet M, Okstad, OA, Kolsto AB, Lereclus D. PlcR is a pleiotropic regulator of extracellular virulence factor gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32:1043–1053.
14. Ramadan R, Ramirez R, Novosad BD, Callegan MC. Acute inflammation and loss of retinal architecture and function during experimentalBacillus endophthalmitis. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:1–11.
15. Callegan MC, Booth MC, Jett BD, Gilmore MS. Pathogenesis of gram-positive bacterial endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3348-3356.
16. Callegan MC, Engelbert M, Parke DW II, Jett BD, Gilmore MS. Bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, therapeutics, and bacterium-host interactions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 111-124.
17. Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh HJ, Setlow P. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64:548-572.
18. Cotton DJ, Gill VJ, Marshall DJ, Gress J, Thaler M, Pizzol PA. Clinical features and therapeutic interventions in 17 cases of bacillus bacteremia in an immunosuppressed patient population. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:672-674.
19. Tena D, Martinez-Torres JA, Perez-Pomata MT, Sáez-Nieto JA, Rubio V, Bisquert J . Cutaneous infection Due to Bacillus pumilus: report of 3 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:40-42.
20. From C, Pukall R, Schumann P, Hormazábal V, Granum PE. Toxin-producing ability amongBacillus spp outside the Bacillus cereus group. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1178-1183.
21. Bacon CW, Hinton DM. Endophytic and biological control potential ofBacillus mojavensis and related species. Biol Control 2002; 23:274-284.
22. Claus D, Berkeley RCW. Genus Bacillus Cohn 1872, 174 AL. In: Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG. editors. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Baltimore, USA: Williams and Wilkins; 1986. p. 1105–1138.
23. Priest FG, Goodfellow M, Todd C. A numerical classification of the genus Bacillus. J Gen Microbiol 1988; 134:1847–1882.
24. CSLI– Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing-2007; document M100 S-17. Seventeenth information supplement. Wayne, PA.
25. Tekeli O, Tekeli A, Hoşal B, Özenci H, Gürsel E. Conjunctival flora of patients with diabetes mellitus. Med Network Oftalmol 1997; 4:246-248.
26. Bilen H, Ateş O, Satam N, Uslu H, Akcay G, Baykal O. Conjunctival flora in patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Ther 2007; 24:1028-1035.
27. Coşkun M, Altıntaş AGK, Simavlı H, Anayol MA, Toklu Y, Çelikbilek N,et al. Normal konjonktival floranın analizi ve florokinolonlar ile penisilin türevlerine karşı antibiyogram duyarlılığının incelenmesi. Glokom-Katarakt 2007; 2:167-170.
28. Choi SM, Park MH, Jung TS, Moon JH, Kim KM, Kang JS. Characterization of Bacillus mojavensis KJS-3 for industrial applications. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:289-298.
29. Birinci H, Birinci A, Şahin M, Öge F, Öge İ. Comparison of conjunctival flora in diabetic patients using insulin and controls. Turk J Ophthalmol. 1998; 28:144-146.
30. Andrews JM, Wise R. Susceptibility testing of Bacillus species. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49:1039-1046.
31. Miller JJ, Scott IU, Flynn Jr HW, Smiddy WE, Murray TG, Berrocal A,et al. Endophthalmitis Caused by Bacillus Species. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145:883-888.
32. Fekete T.Bacillus species (not anthracis). Clin microbiol. Newsletter 2009; 31:87-92.
33. Campochiaro PA, Conway BP. Aminogloycoside toxicity—a survey of retinal specialists. Implications for ocular use. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109:946–950.
34. Citron DM, Appleman MD.In vitro activities of daptomycin, giprofloxacin, and other antimicrobial agents against the cells and spores of clinical isolates of Bacillus species. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3814–3818.
35. Weber DJ, Saviteer SM, Rutala WA, Thomann CA.In vitro susceptibility of Bacillus spp to selected antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32:642-645.
36. Özkocaman V, Özcelik T, Ali R, Özkalemkas F, Özkan A, Özakin C,et al. Bacillus spp among hospitalized patients with haematological malignancies: clinical features, epidemics and outcomes. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:169-176.
Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
February 2014
Pages 138-144

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics