Saroglitazar suppresses KIM-1 and type IV collagen in high fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in Wistar rats

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India

10.22038/ijbms.2024.78221.16908

Abstract

Objective(s): Nephropathy is the most common comorbidity linked to T2D. The present study aimed to examine the potential of saroglitazar in the context of a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in Wistar rats. 
Materials and Methods: Molecular docking simulation investigations were conducted on the ligand-binding region of type IV collagen and Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), using saroglitazar and fenofibrate as the subjects.  The rats were fed either a conventional rodent diet or a high-fat diet ad libitum for two weeks. Following a two-week period, the rats given an HFD were administered with a low-dose of STZ (35 mg/kg, IP). Rats with experimentally induced diabetes were categorized into five groups: normal control; diabetic control; HFD+STZ+saroglitazar (2 mg/kg); HFD+STZ+saroglitazar (4 mg/kg); HFD+STZ+fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) treated orally for 21 days with continuation on HFD. After 21 days, rats were kept on fasting overnight, blood and urine was acquired for various biochemical analysis. Animals were sacrificed, and kidney tissues were removed for histopathological studies. 
Results: In-silico investigation showed a substantial affinity between saroglitazar and fenofibrate with KIM-1 and type IV collagen. Saroglitazar produced a significant (P<0.01) reduction in weight of the body, serum blood sugar, albumin, creatinine, and BUN levels. Further, saroglitazar significantly (P<0.01) reduced the KIM-1 and type IV collagen levels in the urine of diabetic rats.  Histopathological results showed improvement in tubular degeneration, necrosis, and dilatation of Bowman’s space in kidney tissue. 
Conclusion: Saroglitazar attenuated renal injury by improving renal function in HFD+STZ-induced DN in Wistar rats. 

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Valencia WM, Florez H. How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control. BMJ 2017; 356:i6505.
2.    Flannick J, Johansson S, Njølstad PR. Common and rare forms of diabetes mellitus: towards a continuum of diabetes subtypes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:394-406.
3.    Kim JY, Ku YS, Kim HJ, Trinh NT, Kim W, Jeong B, et al. Oral diabetes medication and risk of dementia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 154:116-123.
4.    Li X, Jayachandran M, Xu B. Antidiabetic effect of konjac glucomannan via insulin signaling pathway regulation in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int Food Res J 2021; 149:110664.
5.    Balakumar P, Reddy J, Singh M. Do resident renal mast cells play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy? Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 330:187-192.
6.    Parveen K, Siddiqui WA, Kausar MA, Kuddus M, Shahid SM, Arif JM. Diabetic nephropathy-a major macrovascular complication. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5:132-158.
7.    Zhou G, Cui J, Xie S, Wan H, Luo Y, Guo G. Vitexin, a fenugreek glycoside, ameliorated obesity-induced diabetic nephropathy via modulation of NF-κB/IkBα and AMPK/ACC pathways in mice. Biosci 2021; 85:1183-1193.
8.    Dubois V, Eeckhoute J, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Distinct but complementary contributions of PPAR isotypes to energy homeostasis. J Clin Investig 2017; 12:1202-1214.
9.    Maric C, Hall JE. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes and the Kidney 2011; 170:28-35.
10.    Joshi SR. Saroglitazar for the treatment of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:597-606.
11.    Kaul U, Parmar D, Manjunath K, Shah M, Parmar K, Patil KP, et al. New dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist—Saroglitazar in diabetic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Integrated analysis of the real world evidence. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:1-11.
12.    Nabi S, Bhandari U, Haque SE. Saroglitazar ameliorates monosodium glutamate-induced obesity and associated inflammation in Wistar rats: Plausible role of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2022; 25:827-841.
13.    Gluhovschi C, Gluhovschi G, Petrica L, Timar R, Velciov S, Ionita I, Kaycsa A, Timar B. Urinary biomarkers in the assessment of early diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res  2016;2016:4626125.
14.    Song J, Yu J, Prayogo GW, Cao W, Wu Y, Jia Z, et al. Understanding kidney injury molecule 1: A novel immune factor in kidney pathophysiology. Am J Transl Res 2019;1111:1219-1229.
15.    Mahendran KB, Bhaskar MV, Santha K, Inmozhi R, Perumal KK. Plasma and urinary type IV collagen levels for early detection of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Health Sci 2016; 10:492-498.
16.    Shehata AH, Ahmed AS, Abdelrehim AB, Heeba GH. The impact of single and combined PPAR-α and PPAR-γ activation on the neurological outcomes following cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Life Sci 2020; 252:117679.
17.    Ghosh MK, Wahed MI, Khan RI, Habib A, Barman RK. Pharmacological screening of fenofibrate-loaded solid dispersion in fructose-induced diabetic rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:909-915.
18.    Dai M, Yang J, Luo Y, Xu L, Zhang H, Xu G, et al. Therapeutic action against chronic cholestatic liver injury by low-dose fenofibrate involves anti-chemotaxis via JNK–AP1–CCL2/CXCL2 signaling. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:935-944.
19.    Trott O, Olson AJ. AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:455-461.
20.    O’Boyle NM, Banck M, James CA, Morley C, Vandermeersch T, Hutchison GR. Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox. J Cheminform 2011; 3:1-4.
21.    Srinivasan K, Ramarao P. Animal model in type 2 diabetes research: An overview. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125:451-472.
22.    Chaudhari HS, Bhandari U, Khanna G. Embelia ribes extract reduces high fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephrotoxicity in rats. EXCLI J 2013; 12:858-871.
23.    Jain MR, Giri SR, Trivedi C, Bhoi B, Rath A, Vanage G, et al. Saroglitazar, a novel PPARα/γ agonist with predominant PPARα activity, shows lipid‐lowering and insulin‐sensitizing effects in preclinical models. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00136.
24.    Krishnappa M, Patil K, Parmar K, Trivedi P, Mody N, Shah C, Faldu K, Maroo S, Parmar D. Effect of saroglitazar 2 mg and 4 mg on glycemic control, lipid profile and cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 56-week, randomized, double blind, phase 3 study (PRESS XII study). Clinical Trial 2020;19:93-105
25.    Grice JW, Iwasaki M. A truly multivariate approach to MANOVA. Appl Multivar Res 2008; 12:199-226.
26.    Mezza T, Cinti F, Cefalo CM, Pontecorvi A, Kulkarni RN, Giaccari A. β-cell fate in human insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: A perspective on islet plasticity. Diabetes 2019; 68:1121-1129.
27.    Chen Y, Lee K, Ni Z, He JC. Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, advances, and opportunities. Kidney Dis 2020; 6:215-225.
28.    Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:2032-2045.
29.    Meng XY, Zhang HX, Mezei M, Cui M. Molecular docking: A powerful approach for structure-based drug discovery. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2011; 7:146-157.
30.    Danda RS, Habiba NM, Rincon-Choles H, Bhandari BK, Barnes JL, Abboud HE, et al. Kidney involvement in a nongenetic rat model of type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int 2005; 68:2562-2571.
31.    Reaven GM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension: Parallels between human disease and rodent models. Diabetes Care 1991; 14:195-202.
32.    Berger K, Moeller MJ. Mechanisms of epithelial repair and regeneration after acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2014;34:394-403.
33.    Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Bailly V, Wei H, Hession CA, Cate RL, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4135-4142.
34.    Bonventre JV, Yang L. Kidney injury molecule-1. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16:556-561.
35.    Abrass CK, Peterson CV, Raugi GJ. Phenotypic expression of collagen types in mesangial matrix of diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Diabetes 1988; 37:1695-1702.
36.    Ziyadeh FN, Sharma K, Ericksen M, Wolf G. Stimulation of collagen gene expression and protein synthesis in murine mesangial cells by high glucose is mediated by autocrine activation of transforming growth factor-beta. J Clin Investig 1994; 93:536-542.
37.    Araki SI, Haneda M, Koya D, Isshiki K, Kume S, Sugimoto T, et al. Association between urinary type IV collagen level and deterioration of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients without overt proteinuria. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1805-1810.
38.    Fiseha T. Urinary biomarkers for early diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Biomark Res 2015; 3:1-7.
39.    Gekle M. Renal tubule albumin transport. Annu Rev Physiol 2005; 67:573-594.
40.    Birn H, Christensen EI. Renal albumin absorption in physiology and pathology. Kidney Int 2006; 69:440-449.
41.    Carter DC, He XM, Munson SH, Twigg PD, Gernert KM, Broom MB, et al. Three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin. Science 1989; 244:1195-1198.
42.    Kooman JP. Estimation of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Magn Reson 2009; 30:1341-1346.
43.    Banks A. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures with Nursing Diagnoses. Pearson; 2013.
44.    Greg Miller W, Myers GL, Ashwood ER, Killeen AA, Wang E, Thienpont LM, et al. Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129:297-304.
45.    Rosner MH, Bolton WK. Renal function testing. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47:174-183.
46.    Pagana KD, Pagana TJ. Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests. St. Louis. Mosby, Inc. Proc. Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 90:210-213.
47.    Haffner SM. The importance of hyperglycemia in the nonfasting state to the development of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev 1998; 19:583-592.
48.    Yokoyama M, Tanigawa K, Murata T, Kobayashi Y, Tada E, Suzuki I, et al. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res 2010; 30:217-225.