1. Xing Z, Yang C, He J, Feng Y, Li X, Peng C, et al. Cardioprotective effects of aconite in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction in rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022: 1090893-1090909.
2. Kura B, Szeiffova Bacova B, Kalocayova B, Sykora M, Slezak J. Oxidative stress-responsive microRNAs in heart injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 358-377.
3. Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi SK, AlKatheeri R, et al. Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus 2020; 12: e9349-9371.
4. Islam D, Banerjee SM, Akhter S, Lyzu C, Hakim M, Islam MR, et al. Cardioprotective effect of garlic extract in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in a rat model: Assessment of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 gene expression. Clin Phytosci 2020; 6: 67-76.
5. Reindl M, Stiermaier T, Lechner I, Tiller C, Holzknecht M, Fink P, et al. Infarct severity and outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients without standard modifiable risk factors – A multicenter cardiac magnetic resonance study. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 119: 78-83.
6. Narayanan G, Prabhu K, Chaudhury AB, Ram M, Rao K, Selvi VSK, et al. Cardioprotective role of partharishtam on isopreterenol induced myocardial infarction in animal model. Pharmacogn J 2021; 13: 591–595.
7. Li YS, Xia J, Chen CY, Ren SH, He MR. Up-regulated dual oxidase 1-induced oxidative stress and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis reflect the etiologies of heart failure. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25: 16-26.
8. Chopra K, Folkmanaitė M, Stockdale L, Shathish V, Ishibashi S, Bergin R, et al. Duox is the primary NADPH oxidase responsible for ROS production during adult caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish. IScience 2023; 26: 106147-106168.
9. Ng ML, Ang X, Yap KY, Ng JJ, Chen E, Goh H, et al. Novel oxidative stress biomarkers with risk prognosis values in heart failure. Biomedicines 2023; 11: 917-953.
10. Zuberi S, Rafi H, Hussain A, Hashmi S. Up-regulation of Nrf2 in myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. PloS One 2024; 19: e0299503-299515.
11. Ahmed MI, Abdelrazek HMA, Moustafa YM, Alshawwa SZ, Mobasher MA, Abdel-Wahab BA, et al. Cardioprotective effect of flibanserin against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in female rats: Role of cardiac 5-HT2A Receptor Gene/5-HT/Ca2+ Pathway. Pharmaceuticals 2023; 16: 502-522.
12. Khalifa AA, El Sokkary NH, Elblehi SS, Diab MA, Ali MA. Potential cardioprotective effect of octreotide via NOXs mitigation, mitochondrial biogenesis and MAPK/Erk1/2/STAT3/NF-kβ pathway attenuation in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925: 174978.
13. Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, et al. Herbal medicine for cardiovascular diseases: Efficacy, mechanisms, and safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 422-454.
14. Alawfi BS. Antiprotozoal activity of plant extracts and their bioactive compounds against cryptosporidium of zoonotic concern. Pak Vet J 2025; 45: 10-26.
15. Pucci M, Mandrone M, Chiocchio I, Sweeney EM, Tirelli E, Uberti D, et al. Different seasonal collections of Ficus carica L. Leaves diversely modulate lipid metabolism and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrients 2022; 14: 2833-2847.
16. Li Z, Yang Y, Liu M, Zhang C, Shao J, Hou X, et al. A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, bioactivities, toxicity studies, and clinical studies on Ficus carica Linn. leaves. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137: 111393-111403.
17. El Ghouizi A, Ousaaid D, Laaroussi H, Bakour M, Aboulghazi A, Soutien RS, et al. Ficus carica (Linn.) leaf and bud extracts and their combination attenuates type-1 diabetes and its complications via the inhibition of oxidative stress. Foods 2023; 12: 759-775.
18. Sajid MR, Aslam B, Hassan F, Sindhu, Z. Determination of phytochemical constituents and anti-dyslipidemic potential of cassia absus seed extract to combat high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia in rats model. Pak J Agric Sci 2025; 62: 261-267.
19. Tikent A, Laaraj S, Bouddine T, Chebaibi M, Bouhrim M, Elfazazi K, et al. Antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, polyphenol profile analysis, and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines of hydro-ethanolic extracts of leaves of (Ficus carica L.) from Eastern Morocco. Front Chem 2024; 12: 1-19.
20. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239: 70.
21. Kim S, Thiessen PA, Bolton EE, Chen J, Fu G, Gindulyte A, et al. PubChem substance and compound databases. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44: 1202-1213.
22. Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 42717.
23. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64: 4-17.
24. Veber DF, Johnson SR, Cheng HY, Smith BR, Ward KW, Kopple KD. Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates. J Med Chem 2002; 45: 2615-2623.
25. Tariq U, Butt MS, Pasha I, Faisal MN. Neuroprotective effects of Olea europaea L. fruit extract against cigarette smoke‐induced depressive‐like behaviors in Sprague–Dawley rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45: e14014.
26. Ghosh A, Bose G, Dey T, Pal PK, Mishra S, Ghosh AK, et al. Melatonin protects against cardiac damage induced by a combination of high-fat diet and isoproterenol exacerbated oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Mel Res 2019; 2: 9-31.
27. Sammeturi M, Shaik AH, Prasad EM, Mohammad A, Kodidhela LD. Cardioprotective molecular mechanism of syringic acid against isoproterenol induced post-myocardial toxicity in male albino wistar rats. J King Saud Univ Sci 2020; 32: 1375-1381.
28. Hatipoglu D, Ates MB, Bulut A, Gezgic B, Dik B. Efficacy of resatorvid and alpha-lipoic acid in ameliorating gentamicin-induced liver injury: Insights from rat model study. Pak Vet J 2024; 44: 931-938.
29. Khalifa AA, Rashad RM, El-Hadidy WF. Thymoquinone protects against cardiac mitochondrial DNA loss, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Heliyon 2021; 7: e07561-7571.
30. Vemula S, Mylaram J, Yadala R, Alla G, Banothu A, Veera HD. Protective effects of naringenin on 5-fluorouracil induced pulmonary toxicity via modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 pathway. Pak Vet J 2024; 44: 63-70.
31. Allahyari S, Delazar A, Najafi M. Evaluation of general toxicity, antioxidant activity and effects of Ficus Carica leaves extract on ischemia/reperfusion injuries in isolated heart of rat. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4: 577-583.
32. Freitas RM, Linhares BS, Oliveira JM, Leite JP, da Matta SL, Gonçalves RV, et al. Tebuconazole-induced toxicity and the protective effect of Ficus carica extract in Neotropical fruit-eating bats. Chemosphere 2021; 275: 129985.
33. Fazel MF, Abu IF, Mohamad MHN, Daud NAM, Hasan AN, Bakkar ZA, et al. Physicochemistry, nutritional, and therapeutic potential of Ficus carica – A promising nutraceutical. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18: 1947-1968.
34. Kebal L, Djebli N, Pokajewicz K, Mostefa N, Wieczorek PP. Antioxidant activity and effectiveness of fig extract in counteracting carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in rats. Molecules 2024; 29: 1997-2020.
35. Pullaiah CP, Narasimha Kumar GV, Jyothsna K, Thyagaraju K, Nelson VK, Dayanand Reddy G, et al. Attenuates myocardial lysosomal membrane destabilization in isoproterenol induced oxidative stress. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2017; 17: 373-380.
36. Yu X, Ge L, Niu L, Lian X, Ma H, Pang L. The dual role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: Friend or foe? Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 2018: 8364848-8364854.
37. Wang W, Kang PM. Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatments in cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants 2020; 9: 1292.
38. Awan SM, Alam SS, Khan AH. Effect of Ficus carica leaf extract on cardiac enzymes: A study on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. Proceeding SZPGMI 2010; 24: 73-77.
39. Fan Y, Jin L, Wu Y, Fan Y, Wei Q. Effects of metoprolol on serum inflammatory factors and myocardial ischemia in rats modeled with coronary heart disease. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13: 2518-2527.
40. Boukhalfa F, Kadri N, Bouchemel S, Ait Cheikh S, Chebout I, Madani K, et al. Antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic effect of Ficus carica leaf and twig extracts in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Med J Nutrition Metab 2018; 11: 37-50.
41. Perveen F, Khan FA, Irum Z, Siddiqui AH, Bhatti M, Iqbal R, et al. Anti dyslipidemic effect of Ficus carica Fruit (Fig) on lipid profile of diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Pak J Med Health Sci 2021; 15: 1709-1712.
42. Ogboo BC, Grabovyy U V, Maini A, Scouten S, Vliet A Van Der, Mattevi A, et al. Architecture of the NADPH oxidase family of enzymes. Redox Biol 2022; 52: 102298-102303.
43. Pena E, Brito J, Alam S El, Siques P. Oxidative stress, kinase activity and inflammatory implications in right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure under hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 6421-6438.
44. Li YS, Xia J, Chen CY, Ren SH, He MR. Up-regulated dual oxidase 1-induced oxidative stress and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis reflect the etiologies of heart failure. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25: 16-26.
45. Dinu M, Galea C, Chirilov AM, Laurent A, Buzia OD, Stefan CS. A journey along the boulevard of bioactive compounds from natural sources, with cosmetic and pharmaceutical potential: Bee venom, Cobra venom, Ficus carica. Cosmetics 2024; 11: 195.
46. Kansanen E, Kuosmanen SM, Leinonen H, Levonenn AL. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: Mechanisms of activation and dysregulation in cancer. Redox Biol 2013; 1: 45-49.
47. Shen Y, Liu X, Shi J, Wu X. Involvement of Nrf2 in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125: 496-502.
48. Farkhondeh T, Folgado SL, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Ashrafizadeh M, Samarghandian S. The therapeutic effect of resveratrol: Focusing on the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127: 110234-110251.
49. Zang H, Wu W, Qi L, Tan W, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, et al. Autophagy inhibition enables NRF2 to exaggerate the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice. Diabetes 2020; 69: 2720-2734.
50. Kebal L, Djebli N, Pokajewicz K, Mostefa N, Wieczorek PP. Antioxidant activity and effectiveness of fig extract in counteracting carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in rats. Molecules 2024; 29: 1997-2020.
51. Maqsood S, Zulfiqar T, Qazi S, Muzaffar T, Jaleel S. Comparison of cardioprotective effects of amlodipine, Ficus carica leaf and fruit extracts on histopathological profile of myocarditis caused by doxorubicin in rat model. Ann King Edw Med Univ 2022; 28: 329-334.
52. Abbas I, Majeed W, Aslam B, Faisal MN. Salsola imbricata attenuates type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats by regulating oxidative stress and insulin signaling. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2025; 15: 210-218.
53. Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14: 1313-1327.
54. Jagannathan R. Characterization of drug-like chemical space for cytotoxic marine metabolites using multivariate methods. ACS Omega 2019; 4: 5402–5411.
55. Doak BC, Over B, Giordanetto F, Kihlberg J. Oral druggable space beyond the rule of 5: Insights from drugs and clinical candidates. Chem Biol 2014; 21: 1115-1142.
56. Azman M, Sabri AH, Anjani QK, Mustaffa MF, Hamid KA. Intestinal absorption study: Challenges and absorption enhancement strategies in improving oral drug delivery. Pharmaceuticals 2022; 15: 975-999.
57. Bultum LE, Tolossa GB, Kim G, Kwon O, Lee D. In silico activity and ADMET profiling of phytochemicals from Ethiopian indigenous aloes using pharmacophore models. Sci Rep 2022; 12: 22221-22240.
)
)