Swimming exercise attenuates psychological dependence and voluntary methamphetamine consumption in methamphet- amine withdrawn rats

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran

2 Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Laboratory of Animal Addiction Models, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

Abstract

Objective(s): This study evaluated the effect of swimming exercise during spontaneous methamphetamine (METH) withdrawal on the anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and voluntary METH consumption in METH-dependent rats. 
Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were repeatedly administered with bi-daily doses of METH (2 mg/kg, subcutaneous) over a period of 14 days. Exercised rats were submitted to swimming sessions (45 min/day, five days per week, for 14 days) during spontaneous METH-withdrawal. Then, all animals were tested for the assessment of anxiety by using the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the grooming behaviors (OCD), and depression using forced swimming test (FST) and voluntary METH consumption using a two-bottle choice (TBC) paradigm for the assessment of craving.
Results: The results showed that the swimmer METH-withdrawn rats exhibited an increase in EPM open arm time and entries and a reduction of immobility and grooming behaviors compared with the sedentary METH groups. Also, voluntary METH consumption was less in the swimmer METH-withdrawn rats than the sedentary METH groups throughout 5–8 days.
Conclusion: This study showed that regular swimming exercise reduced voluntary METH consumption in animal models of craving by reducing anxiety, OCD, and depression in the METH-withdrawn rats. Thus, physical training may be ameliorating some of the withdrawal behavioral consequences of METH.

Keywords

References

1.Swant J, Chirwa S, Stanwood G, Khoshbouei H. Methamphetamine reduces LTP and increases baseline synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11382.
2. Danaceau JP, Deering CE, Day JE, Smeal SJ, Johnson-Davis KL, Fleckenstein AE, et al. Persistence of tolerance to methamphetamine-induced monoamine deficits. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559:46-54.
3.Kitanaka N, Kitanaka J, Tatsuta T, Tanaka K, Watabe K, Nishiyama N, et al. Withdrawal from fixed-dose injection of methamphetamine decreases cerebral levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and induces the expression of anxiety-related behavior in mice. Neurochem Res 2010;35:749-760.
4.Stefanski R, Lee SH, Yasar S, Cadet JL, Goldberg SR. Lack of persistent changes in the dopaminergic system of rats withdrawn from methamphetamine self-administration. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;439:59-68.
5.Jayanthi S,  Deng X, Bordelon M, McCoy MT, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine causes differential regulation of pro-death and anti-death Bcl-2 genes in the mouse neocortex. FASEB J 2001;15:1745-1752.
6.Halpin LE, Northrop NA, Yamamoto BK. Ammonia mediates methamphetamine-induced increases in glutamate and excitotoxicity. Neuropsychopharma-cology 2014; 9:1031-1038.
7.Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu L, Mouri A, Niwa M, Kim H-C, et al. Silibinin attenuates cognitive deficits and decreases of dopamine and serotonin induced by repeated methamphetamine treatment. Behav Brain Res 2010; 207: 387-393.
8.Yui K1, Goto K, Ikemoto S. The role of noradrenergic and dopaminergic hyperactivity in the development of spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis and susceptibility to episode recurrence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1025:296-306.
9.Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J. Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008; 27:253-262.
10.Fals-Stewart W, Schafer J. The treatment of substance abusers diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an outcome study. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9:365-370.
11.McGregor C, Srisurapanont M, Jittiwutikarn J, Laobhripatr S, Wongtan T, White JM. The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction 2005; 100:1320-1329.
12. Semple SJ, Strathdee SA, Zians J, McQuaid J, Patterson TL. Correlates of obsessive–compulsive disorder in a sample of HIV-positive, methampheta-mine-using men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 2011; 15:1153-1160.
13.Wang G, Shi J, Chen N, Xu L, Li J, Li P, et al. Effects of length of abstinence on decision-making and craving in methamphetamine abusers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68791.
14.Zorick T, Nestor L, Miotto K, Sugar C, Hellemann G, Scanlon G, et al. Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine‐dependent subjects. Addiction 2010; 105:1809-1818.
15. Nakama H, Chang L, Cloak C, Jiang C, Alicata D, Haning W. Association between psychiatric symptoms and craving in methamphetamine users. Am J Addict 2008; 17:441-446.
16.Shen W, Liu Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou W. Negative moods correlate with craving in female methamphe-tamine users enrolled in compulsory detoxification. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2012; 7:44.
17.Haydari S, Miladi-Gorji H, Mokhtari A, Safari M. Effects of voluntary exercise on anxiety-like behavior and voluntary morphine consumption in rat pups borne from morphine-dependent mothers during pregnancy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:50-54.
18.Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y. Anxiety profile in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats: effect of voluntary exercise. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:195-202.
19. Miladi-Gorji H, Rashidy-Pour A, Fathollahi Y, Akhavan MM, Semnanian S, Safari M. Voluntary exercise ameliorates cognitive deficits in morphine dependent rats: the role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:479-491.
20.Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu N, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu J. Anxiolytic-like actions of reboxetine, venlafaxine and endurance swimming in stressed male rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:20-28.
21.Liu W, Sheng H, Xu Y, Liu Y, Lu J, Ni X. Swimming exercise ameliorates depression-like behavior in chronically stressed rats: relevant to proinflamma-tory cytokines and IDO activation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 2:110-116.
22.Liu W, Xu Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Sheng H, Ni X. Swimming exercise ameliorates depression-like behaviors induced by prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:119-123.
23.Radak Z, Toldy A, Szabo Z, Siamilis S, Nyakas C, Silye G, et al. The effects of training and detraining on memory, neurotrophins and oxidative stress markers in rat brain. Neurochem Intern 2006; 49:387-392.
24.Mazzardo-Martins L, Martins DF, Marcon R, dos Santos UD, Speckhann B, Gadotti VM, et al. High-intensity extended swimming exercise reduces pain-related behavior in mice: involvement of endogenous opioids and the serotonergic system. J Pain 2010; 11:1384-93.
25.Dolezal BA, Chudzynski J, Storer TW, Abrazado M, Penate J, Mooney L, et al. Eight weeks of exercise training improves fitness measures in methampheta-mine-dependent individuals in residential treatment. J Addict Med 2013; 7:122.
26.Toborek M, Seelbach MJ, Rashid CS, András IE, Chen L, Park M, et al. Voluntary exercise protects against methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress in brain microvasculature and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:22.
27.Segat H, Kronbauer M, Roversi K, Schuster A, Vey L, Roversi K, et al. Exercise modifies amphetamine relapse: Behavioral and oxidative markers in rats. Behavi Brain Res 2014; 262:94-100.
28.Fadaei A, Miladi-Gorji H, Makvand-Hosseini S. Swimming reduces the severity of physical and psychological dependence and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine dependent rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 747:88-95.
29.Engelmann AJ, Aparicio MB, Kim A, Sobieraj JC, Yuan CJ, Grant Y, et al. Chronic wheel running reduces maladaptive patterns of methamphetamine intake: regulation by attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:657-672.
30.Sobieraj JC, Kim A, Fannon MJ, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running-induced reduction of extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats is associated with reduced number of periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 1-16.
31.Hajheidari S, Miladi-Gorji H, Bigdeli I. Effect of the environmental enrichment on the severity of psychological dependence and voluntary methamphetamine consumption in methamphetamine withdrawn rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 584:151-155.
32.Sigwalt A, Budde H, Helmich I, Glaser V, Ghisoni K, Lanza S, et al. Molecular aspects involved in swimming exercise training reducing anhedonia in a rat model of depression. Neuroscience 2011; 192:661-674.
33.Georgiadou G, Tarantilis P, Pitsikas N. Effects of the active constituents of Crocus Sativus L., crocins, in an animal model of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:27-30.
34. Scibelli AC, McKinnon CS, Reed C, Burkhart-Kasch S, Li N, Baba H, et al. Selective breeding for magnitude of methamphetamine-induced sensitiza-tion alters methamphetamine consumption. Psycho-pharmacology 2011; 214:791-804.
35.Barbour KA, Blumenthal JA. Exercise training and depression in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:119-123.
36.Brown RA, Abrantes AM, Strong DR, Mancebo MC, Menard J, Rasmussen SA, et al. A pilot study of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for obsessive compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007; 195:514-520.
37.Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO. Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:1-8.
38.Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu J, Charoenphan-dhu N. Beneficial effects of fluoxetine, reboxetine, venlafaxine, and voluntary running exercise in stressed male rats with anxiety-and depression-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:316-325.
39.Salim S, Sarraj N, Taneja M, Saha K, Tejada-Simon MV, Chugh G. Moderate treadmill exercise prevents oxidative stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:545-552.
40.Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Day HE, Campisi J, Hammack SH, Campeau S, et al. Freewheel running prevents learned helplessness/behavioral depres-sion: role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23:2889-898.
41.Stranahan A, Zhou Y, Martin B, Maudsley S. Pharmacomimetics of exercise: novel approaches for hippocampally-targeted neuroprotective agents. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:4668.
42.Meeusen R, De Meirleir K. Exercise and brain neurotransmission. Sport Med 1995; 20:160-188.
43.Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:1116-1127.
44.Pietropaolo S, Sun Y, Li R, Brana C, Feldon J, Yee BK. The impact of voluntary exercise on mental health in rodents: a neuroplasticity perspective. Behav Brain Res 2008; 192:42-60.
45.Trulson ME, Trulson VM. Reduction in brain serotonin synthesis rate following chronic methamphetamine administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1982; 83:97-100.
46.Chen PH, Huang MC, Lai YC, Chen PY, Liu HC. Serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels were reduced during methamphetamine early withdrawal. Addict Biol 2014; 19:482-485.
47.Wang Y, Mathews CA, Li Y, Lin Z, Xiao Z. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plasma levels in drug-naïve OCD patients are lower than those in healthy people, but are not lower than those in drug-treated OCD patients. J Affect Disord 2011; 133:305-310.
48.Leventhal AM, Kahler CW, Ray LA, Stone K, Young D, Chelminski I, et al. Anhedonia and amotivation in psychiatric outpatients with fully remitted stimulant use disorder. Am J Addict 2008; 17:218-223.
49.Kalueff AV, Tuohimaa P. The grooming analysis algorithm discriminates between different levels of anxiety in rats: potential utility for neurobehavioural stress research. J Neurosci Meth 2005; 143:169–177.
50.Fontes-Ribeiro C, Marques E, Pereira F, Silva A, Macedo TA. May exercise prevent addiction? Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:45.
51.Peterson AB, Hivick DP, Lynch WJ. Dose-dependent effectiveness of wheel running to attenuate cocaine-seeking: impact of sex and estrous cycle in rats. Psychopharmacology 2014; 231:2661-2670.
52.Zlebnik NE, Anker JJ, Carroll ME. Exercise to reduce the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology 2012; 224:387-400.
53.Aston-Jones G, Harris GC. Brain substrates for increased drug seeking during protracted withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47:167-179.
54.Self DW, Nestler EJ. Relapse to drug-seeking: neural and molecular mechanisms. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 51:49-60.
55.Hilburn C, Nejtek VA, Underwood WA, Singh M, Patel G, Gangwani P, et al. Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor related to craving for or use of alcohol, cocaine, or methamphetamine? Neuro-psychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7:357.
Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Volume 19, Issue 6
June 2016
Pages 594-600

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics