Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A,
et al
.
Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients
with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985; 2:407–410.
2. Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M, Nakai M, Matsumoto T, Kinoshita
KI,
et al.
Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and
detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 1981; 78:6476–6480.
3. de The G, Kazanji M. An HTLV-I/II vaccine: from animal models
to clinical trials? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol
Figure1.
Map of HTLV-I Infection distribution in Golestan and Khorasan
provinces, Iran
235
Prevalence of HTLV-I Infection in Golestan, Iran Kalavi Kh et al
Iran J Basic Med Sci; Vol. 16, No. 3, Mar 2013
1996; 13:S191–198.
4. Pawson R, Mufti GJ, Pagliuca A. Management of adult T-cell leukaemia/
lymphoma. Br J Haematol 1998; 100:453–458.
5. Goncalves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Araujo MG, Pinheiro SR,
Guedes AC,
et al.
Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of
human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol
Rev 2010; 23:577-589.
6. Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL.
Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases.
Oncogene 2005; 24:6058-6068.
7. Hino S, Doi H, Yoshikuni H, Sugiyama H, Yamabe T, Tsuji Y,
et al.
HTLV-I carrier mothers with high-titer antibody are at high risk
as a source of infection. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987; 78:1156–1158.
8. Wiktor SZ, Pate EJ, Rosenberg PS, Barnett M, Palmer P, Medeiros
D,
et al
. Mother-to-child transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic
virus type I associated with prolonged breastfeeding. J
Hum Virol 1997; 1:37–44.
9. Nomura K, Utsunomiya A, Furushou H, Tara M, Hazeki M, Tokunaga
M,
et al
. A family predisposition to adult T-cell leukemia. J
Clin Exp Hematop 2006; 46:67–71.
10. Tajima K, Sonoda S. Ethnoepidemiology, a new paradigm, for
studying cancer risk factors and prevention strategy. In: Tajima
K, Sonoda S, editors. Ethnoepidemiology of Cancer. Gann Monograph
No.44. Tokyo: Japanese Scientific Societies Press; 1996.p.3–
12.
11. Tavanai Sani A. Serologic prevalence of HTLV-I among blood donors
in Mashhad (North eastern of Iran). Arch Iran Med 2001;
4:25-26.
12. Farid R, Shirdel A. Phylogenetic of HTLV-I in Iranian born in
Mashhad. Arch Iran Med 1999; 2:24-25.
13. Rafatpanah H, Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Fathimoghadam F,
Bidkhori HR, Shamsian SKh, Ahmadi S,
et al.
High prevalence of
HTLV-I infection in Mashhad, Northeast Iran: A population-based
seroepidemiology survey. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:172– 176.
14. Moradi A, Mansurian AR, Ahmadi AR, Ghaemi E, Kalavi KH,
Marjani A,
et al
. Prevalence of HTLV-I among major thalassemic
patients in Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea). J Appl Sci 2008;
8:391-393.
15. Giuliani M, Rezza G, Lepri AC, Di Carlo A, Maini A, Crescimbeni
E,
et al
. Risk factors for HTLV-I and II in individuals attending a
clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 2000;
27:87-92.
16. Wang HR, Yan YS, Zhang QW, Zheng J, Liu JM, Feng YY,
et al
. Seroepidemiological
study on the human T-cell leukemia virus type
I/II infection in the east coastal areas of Fujian province. Zhonghua
Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2004; 25:428-430.
17. Biglione MM, Astarloa L, Salomon HE. High prevalence of HTLV-I
and HTLV-II among blood donors in Argentina: a South American
health concern. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:1-4.
18. Mozzi F, Rebulla P, Lillo F. HIV and HTLV infections in 1305 transfusion-
dependent thalassemics in Italy. AIDS 1992; 6:505-508.
19. Al-Mufti S, Voevodin A, Ahmed S, Al Hamdan S, Al-Basheer AA. Seroprevalence
of human T-Cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I
and type II (HTLV-I/HTLV-II) infection among volunteer blood donors
in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 1999; 1:45-50.
20. Pour Karim MR, Khamisi Pour GhR, Zandi K, Roustaei MH. Prevalence
of anti-HTLV-I & anti-HTLV-II antibodies in blood donors in
Bushehr province. Iran South Med J 2004; 2:164-161.
21. Moradi A, Yaghob Nezhad Z, Mohagheghi AH, Shahraki Sh, Borji
A, Firoozkohi MR,
et al.
Seroepidemiology of HTLV-I antibody in
the Thalassemic patients in Zahedan and Zaboul cities in 2001. J
Zanjan Univ Med Sci Health Services ? 2003; 43:47-43.
22. Goubau P, Carton H, Kazadi K, Muya KW, Desmyter J. HTLV seroepidemiology
in a central African population with high incidence
of tropical spastic paraparesis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990;
84:577-579.
23. Vrielink H, Reesink HW. HTLV-I/II prevalence in different geographic
locations. Transfus Med Rev 2004; 18:46-57.
24. Watanabe T. Current status of HTLV-I infection. Int J Hematol
2011; 94:430–434.
25. Sonoda Sh, Li HC, Tajima K. Ethnoepidemiology of HTLV-I related
diseases: Ethnic determinants of HTLV-I susceptibility and its
worldwide dispersal. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:297.
26. Murphy EL, Figueroa JP, Gibbs WN, Holding-Cobham M, Cranston
B, Malley K,
et al.
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
seroprevalence in Jamaica. I. Demographic determinants. Am J
Epidemiol 1991; 133:1114–1124.
27. Biggar RJ, Johnson BK, Oster C, Sarin PS, Ocheng D, Tukei P,
et al.
Regional variation in prevalence of antibody against human Tlymphotropic
virus types I and III in Kenya, East Africa. Int J Cancer
1985; 35
:
763–767.
28. Wiktor SZ, Piot P, Mann JM, Nzilambi N, Francis H, Vercauteren
G,
et al.
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) among
female prostitutes in Kinshasa. Zaire. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:1073–
1077.
29. Kondo T, Kono H, Miyamoto N, Yoshida R, Toki H, Matsumoto I
,
et al
. Age- and sex-specific cumulative rate and risk of ATLL for
HTLV-I carriers. Int J Cancer 1989; 43:1061–1064.
30. Dourado I, Alcantara LC, Barreto ML, da Gloria Teixeira M, Galvao-
Castro B. HTLV-I in the general population of Salvador, Brazil: a
city with African ethnic and sociodemographic characteristics. J
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 34:527–531.
31. Armah HB, Narter-Olaga EG, Adjei AA, Asomaning K, Gyasi RK,
Tettey Y. Seroprevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus
type I among pregnant women in Accra, Ghana. J Med Microbiol
2006; 55:765–770.
32. Kazanji M, Gessain A. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I
and II (HTLVI/II) in French Guiana: clinical and molecular epidemiology.
Cad Saude Publica 2003; 19:1227–1240.
33. Plancoulaine S, Buigues RP, Murphy EL, van Beveren M, Pouliquen
JF, Joubert M,
et al.
Demographic and familial characteristics of
HTLV-I infection among an isolated, highly endemic population
of African origin in French Guiana. Int J Cancer 1998; 76:331–336.
34. Astier-Gin T, Portail JP, Londos-Gagliardi D, Moynet D, Blanchard
S, Dalibart R,
et al.
Neutralizing activity and antibody reactivity
toward immunogenic regions of the human T cell leukemia virus
type I surface glycoprotein in sera of infected patients with
different clinical states. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:716–719.
35. Londos-Gagliardi D, Armengaud MH, Freund F, Dalibart R, Moze
E, Huet S,
et al.
Antibodies directed against a variable and neutralizable
region of the HTLV-I envelope surface glycoprotein.
Leukemia 1997; 11:38–41.
36. Hadlock KG, Rowe J, Perkins S, Bradshaw P, Song GY, Cheng C
, et al
.
Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to conformational
epitopes of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 gp46. J
Virol 1997; 71:5828–5840.
37. Hadlock KG, Rowe J, Foung SK. The humoral immune response
to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein
gp46 is directed primarily against conformational epitopes. J Virol
1999; 73:1205–1212.