Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of Croton bonplandianus. Bail fractions in correlation with polyphenol content

Document Type : Short Communication

Authors

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India

Abstract

Objective(s):Diabetes mellitus, a carbohydrate metabolic disorder, occurs due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Current treatment strategies involve either preventing or delaying the intestinal absorption of glucose to lower the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Herbal remedies have been since ancient times for treating diabetes mellitus. Therefore, identifying novel phytocompounds with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity that would reduce the glucose absorption as well as the rise in postprandial blood glucose level is vital. Consequently, the present study was aimed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Croton bonplandianusagainst these pancreatic enzymes.
Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of C. bonplandianusleaf was prepared and further fractionation was performed with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform.  The antioxidant activity and anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extracts and its fractions were determined. Further, GC-MS analysis was performed for the leaf extract.
Results:The chloroform fraction (ChF) was found to contain highest quantity of polyphenols (114.28 µg/ml of GAE), flavonoids (95.68 µg/ml of quercetin) and tannins (63.80 µg/ml of GAE) and also possessed effective inhibitory activity against α amylase (IC5095.78 µg/ml) and α glucosidase (IC50 126.81 µg/ml). The antioxidant activity of ChFwas also higher when compared to other fractions. Further, GC-MS analysis of ChF showed the presence of various components that may be responsible for the above mentioned activities. 
Conclusion:The study findings suggest that the components present in the leaves of C. bonplandianus, may provide a potential therapeutic source in developing treatment forhyperglycemia. Further bioassay guided fractionation procedure is required to identify the active constituents.

Keywords


1. Chauhan A, Sharma PK, Srivastava P, Kumar N, Dudhe R. Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: a review. Der Pharm Lett 2010; 2:369-387.
2. World Health Organization. World health statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
3. Bhutkar MA, Bhise SB. In vitro assay of alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of some indigenous plants. Int J ChemSci 2012; 10:457-462.
4. Kaveeshwar SA, Cornwall J. The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. Australas Med J 2014; 7:45–48.
5. Sangeetha R, Vedasree N. In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of the leaves of Thespesiapopulnea. ISRN Pharmacol 2012; 2012:515634.
6. Gomathi D, Kalaiselvi M, Uma C. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of ethanolic extract of Evolvulusalsinoides (L.). Int Res J Pharmacy 2012; 3:226-229.
7. Mohamed EA, Siddiqui MJ, Ang LF, Sadikun A, Chan SH, Tan SC, et al. Potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of standardized 50% ethanolic extracts and sinensetin from OrthosiphonstamineusBenth as anti-diabetic mechanism. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12:176-182.
8. Vadlapudi V, Naidu KC. In vitro antimicrobial screening of selected Indian medicinal plants. Int J ApplBiol Pharm 2010; 1:302-307.
9. Divya S, Naveen Krishna K, Ramachandran S, Dhanaraju MD. Wound healing and in vitro antioxidant activities of Croton bonplandianus leaf extract in rats. Global J Pharmacol 2011; 5:159-163.
10. Qaisar M, Chaudhary BA, Sajid MU, Hussain N. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Croton bonplandianumBaill. Trop J Pharm Res 2014; 13:1833-1836.
11. Keerthana G, Kalaivani MK, Sumathy A. In vitro alpha amylase inhibitory and anti- oxidant activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Croton bonplandianus. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013; 6:32-36.
12. Majekodunmi SO. Review of extraction of medicinal plants for pharmaceutical research. Merit Res J Med MedSci2015; 3:521-527.
13. Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G, Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharm Sci 2011; 1:98-106.
14. Jain A, Sharma P, Sunil K. Evaluation of phenolic and flavonoid profile and screening of antioxidant activity of the plant Croton sparsiflorus by bio-autographic method. J Pharm Res 2010; 3:1146-1148.
15. Schanderl SH. In methods in food analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1970. P. 709.
16. Leong LP, Shui G. An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem 2002; 76:69-75.
17. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radica Biol Med 1995; 18:125-126.
18. Sre P, Sheila T, Murugesan K. Phytochemical screening and in vitro anti–oxidant activity of methanolic root extract of Erythrinaindica. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:S1696-S1700.
19. Kazeem MI, Adamson JO, Ogunwande IA. Modes of inhibition of α-Amylase and α-glucosidase by aqueous extract of MorindalucidaBenth leaf. BioMed Res Int 2013; 2013:1–6.
20. Bachhawat JA, Shihabudeen MS, Thirumurugan K. Screening of fifteen Indian ayurvedic plants for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and enzyme kinetics. Int J Pharm PharmSci 2011; 3:267-274.
21. Cheng AY, Fantus IG. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. CMAJ 2005; 172:213-226.
22. De Sousa E, Zanatta L, Seifriz I, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Pizzolatti MG, Szpoganicz B, et al. Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of Kaempferol-3,7-O-(α)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficataLeaves. J Nat Prod 2004; 67:829–832.
23. Mai TT, Fumie N, Chuyen NV. Antioxidant activities and hypolipidemic effects of an aqueous extract from flower buds of Cleistocalyxoperculatus (Roxb.) merr. andperry. J Food Biochem 2009; 33:790-807.
24. Perera HK, Premadasa WK, Poongunran J. α-glucosidase and glycation inhibitory effects of Costusspeciosus leaves. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16:2.
25. Bahadoran Z, Golzarand M, Mirmiran P, Saadati N, Azizi F. The association of dietary phytochemical index and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 26:145-153.
26. Fukuda T, Ito H, Yoshida T. Effect of the walnut polyphenol fraction on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mice. Biofactors 2004; 21:251-253.
27. Pérez-Matute P, Zulet MA, Martínez JA. Reactive species and diabetes: counteracting oxidative stress to improve health. CurrOpinPharmacol 2009; 9:771-779.
28. Gundimeda U, McNeill TH, Elhiani AA, Schiffman JE, Hinton DR, Gopalakrishna R. Green tea polyphenols precondition against cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via stimulation of laminin receptor, generation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of protein kinase cϵ. J BiolChem 2012; 287:34694-34708.
29. Sales PM, Souza PM, Simeoni LA, Silveira D. α-Amylase inhibitors: a review of raw material and isolated compounds from plant source. J Pharm PharmSci 2012; 15:141-183.
30. Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J ClinNutr 2001; 74:418-425.
31. Lee YS, Kang MH, Cho SY, Jeong CS. Effects of constituents of Amomumxanthioides on gastritis in rats and on growth of gastric cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:436-443.
32. Dehpour AA, Babakhani B, Khazaeiand S, Asadi M. Chemical composition of essential oil and antibacterial activity of extracts from flower of Allium atroviolaceum. J Med Plants Res 2011; 5:3667-3672.
33. Tundis R, Menichini F, Loizzo MR, Bonesi M, Solimene U, Menichini F. Studies on the potential antioxidant properties of SeneciostabianusLacaita (Asteraceae) and its inhibitory activity against carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes. Nat Product Res 2012; 26:393-404.
34. Bhat M, Zinjarde SS, Bhargava SY, Kumar AR, Joshi BN. Antidiabetic Indian plants: a good source of potent amylase inhibitors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:810207.